tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-47960300134675920052024-03-13T05:35:44.295+01:00SHOBUFF TECHNICAL COMPANYSHOBUFF TECHNICAL COMPANY (SHOBTECH)http://www.blogger.com/profile/12751760050921332688noreply@blogger.comBlogger11125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4796030013467592005.post-54554126327970178192013-06-06T19:05:00.003+01:002013-06-06T19:05:26.113+01:00WINDOWS MOBILE VS GOOGLE ANDROID<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">WINDOWS MOBILE VS GOOGLE ANDROID</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Windows Mobile and Android are two
smartphone operating systems that are quite popular nowadays for very different
reasons. Windows Mobile, from Microsoft, is a very established operating system
that has been around for a considerable length of time. It’s a tried and tested
operating systems that people are quite familiar with and know how to operate.
Google introduced their operating system rather recently and as such, it is still
in its infancy and suffers from a lot of instability that is being addressed.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The most major difference between
these two is in the licensing. Where Windows Mobile is a proprietary software
that hardware manufacturers need to pay for, Android is open source software
that uses <a href="http://www.differencebetween.net/technology/difference-between-windows-and-linux/" title="linux vs windows">Linux</a> at its core. The Android’s licensing also
allows other entities to create software for Android without releasing their
own source, letting them keep their modifications within their own line of
phones. <a href="http://www.differencebetween.net/technology/difference-between-google-and-wolfram-alpha/" title="google vs wolfram alpha">Google</a> does sell some applications that
come with the OS, and it is the only way for them to make money out of it. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Because of the gap in maturity of
the two, there is a wide margin in terms of market share. Windows Mobile is
installed in a wide array of phones from a lot of manufacturers. Google’s
Android operating system is only running on less than 10 types of <a href="http://www.differencebetween.net/object/difference-between-pda-and-smartphone/" title="smartphone vs pda">smartphones</a> at the moment and is expected to
improve to fewer than 20 at the end of 2009. The same is also true when it
comes to third party software. There are a lot more software that can be bought
for Windows Mobile compared to Android.</span></div>
SHOBUFF TECHNICAL COMPANY (SHOBTECH)http://www.blogger.com/profile/12751760050921332688noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4796030013467592005.post-86055782982220707362013-06-06T18:59:00.002+01:002013-06-06T18:59:38.774+01:00ANDROID VS HTC<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 22.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">ANDROID VS HTC</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Differentiating Android and HTC is
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mobile OSs (operating systems) distributed and used today while HTC is just one
of the many mobile phone manufacturers supporting the said mobile OS. Samsung
is another manufacturer that vigorously offers smartphones powered by Android
OS.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Android, since its initial public
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Foremost, Android was developed by
Android Incorporated back in 2005. Later on, however, Google, Inc. purchased
the software’s developer and made the OS open source. Its official release was
last </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">October 21, 2008. To date, the OS
is a favorite <a href="http://www.differencebetween.net/category/technology/software-technology/" title="COMPARISONS OF SOFTWARE WITH SIMILAR FUNCTIONS">software</a> by many
mobile device users either mobile phones or <a href="http://www.differencebetween.net/category/object/gadgets-object/tablets/" title="COMPARISON ARTICLES FILDER UNDER THE CATEGORY ELECTRONIC TABLETS">tablet</a>
computers. The latest build of the Android OS in the tablet market is Honeycomb
3.2. As of July 25, 2011, the latest release of Android for mobile phones was
2.3.5 codenamed “Gingerbread.”</span></div>
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<![endif]-->SHOBUFF TECHNICAL COMPANY (SHOBTECH)http://www.blogger.com/profile/12751760050921332688noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4796030013467592005.post-11209993589001380452013-06-05T19:19:00.000+01:002013-06-05T19:19:06.201+01:009.7-inch capacitive touchscreen<div class="clear">
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<img alt="" height="300" src="http://www.dynamaxcn.com/UploadFiles/FCK/9701A-2%282%29.jpg" width="300" /> <img alt="" height="300" src="http://www.dynamaxcn.com/UploadFiles/FCK/9701A-3%281%29.jpg" width="300" /></div>
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<br /></div>
<strong><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Specifications:</span></span></strong><span style="color: black;"><br /><strong>CPU</strong>: Allwinner A10, Cortex A8<br /><strong>Frequency</strong>: 1.2GHz<br /><strong>Memory</strong>: 1GB DDR3 + 4GB NAND flash (32GB maximum)<br /><strong>Storage device</strong>: T-Flash card (32GB maximum)<br /><strong>Touchscreen</strong>: 9.7-inch capacitive touchscreen<br /><strong>Display</strong>: TFT LCD, 1024 x 768 pixels<br /><strong>Operating system</strong>: Google's Android 4.0<br /><strong>Wi-Fi</strong>: 802.11b/g<br /><strong>I/O ports</strong>: Micro USB2.0, T-Flash card, 3.5mm earphones, built-in microphone, 2.5mm DC, HDMI output<br /><strong>Internet video call</strong>: supported<br /><strong>3D movie</strong>: supported<br /><strong>HDMI</strong>: 2,160P<br /><strong>Camera</strong>:<br />Front camera: 0.3MP<br />Rear camera: 2.0MP<br /><strong>Battery type</strong>: rechargeable Li-ion polymer battery, 3.7V, 6,600mAh<br /><strong>Speaker</strong>: supported<br /><strong>Surf the internet</strong>: external USB port 3G (optional)<br /><strong>Multimedia formats</strong>:<br />Video:
AVI (H.264, DivX, XviD), RM, RMVB, MKV (H.264, DivX, XviD), WMV, MOV,
MP4 (H.264, MPEG, DivX, XviD), MPEG, MPG, FLV (H.263, H.264)<br />Music: MP3, WMA, MP2, OGG, AAC, M4A, MA4, FLAC, APE, 3GP, WAV<br />Picture browsers: JPG, JPEG, GIF, BMP, PNG<br />3D E-book: TXT, EPUB, PDF, Microsoft's Word, Excel, PowerPoint<br /><strong>Weight</strong>: 541g<br /><strong>Size</strong>: 242mm x 190mm x 10mm</span><br />
<br />SHOBUFF TECHNICAL COMPANY (SHOBTECH)http://www.blogger.com/profile/12751760050921332688noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4796030013467592005.post-54956620956713515512013-06-05T19:02:00.013+01:002013-06-05T19:02:49.041+01:00GENESIS OF ANDROIDS OPERATING SYSTEM<!--[if !mso]>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>-based <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_operating_system" title="Mobile operating system">operating system</a> designed primarily for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touchscreen" title="Touchscreen">touchscreen</a>
mobile devices such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">tablet
computers</a>. Initially developed by Android, Inc., which <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> backed
financially and later bought in 2005, Android was unveiled in 2007 along with
the founding of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Handset_Alliance" title="Open Handset Alliance">Open Handset Alliance</a>: a consortium of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">hardware</a>,
software, and telecommunication companies devoted to advancing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_standard" title="Open standard">open
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source</a> and Google releases the code under the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_License" title="Apache License">Apache
License</a>. This open source code and permissive licensing allows the software
to be freely modified and distributed by device manufacturers, wireless
carriers and enthusiast developers. Additionally, Android has a large community
of developers writing applications ("<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_app" title="Mobile app">apps</a>")
that extend the functionality of devices, written primarily in a customized
version of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_%28programming_language%29" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> programming language. In October
2012, there were approximately 700,000 apps available for Android, and the
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">These factors have contributed towards making
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fourth quarter of 2010, and the software of choice for technology companies who
require a low-cost, customizable, lightweight operating system for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_tech" title="High tech">high tech</a>
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for phones and tablets, it has seen additional applications on televisions, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Games_console" title="Games console">games
consoles</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital cameras</a> and other electronics. Android's
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which were officially released running other operating systems.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android had a worldwide smartphone market
share of 75% during the third quarter of 2012, with 750 million devices activated
in total and 1.5 million activations per day. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The operating system's success has made it a
target for patent litigation as part of the so-called "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone_wars" title="Smartphone wars">smartphone
wars</a>" between technology companies. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As of May 2013, a total of 900 million Android
devices have been activated and 48 billion apps have been installed from the
Google Play store. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 28.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">HISTORY</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android, Inc. was founded in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_Alto,_California" title="Palo Alto, California">Palo Alto, California</a> in October 2003 by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Rubin" title="Andy Rubin">Andy Rubin</a>
(co-founder of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danger_%28company%29" title="Danger (company)">Danger</a>), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Miner" title="Rich Miner">Rich Miner</a>
(co-founder of Wildfire Communications, Inc.), Nick Sears <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(once VP at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Mobile_USA" title="T-Mobile USA">T-Mobile</a>),
and Chris White (headed design and interface development at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebTV" title="WebTV">WebTV</a>) to develop,
in Rubin's words "smarter mobile devices that are more aware of its
owner's location and preferences". The early intentions of the company
were to develop an advanced operating system for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital
cameras</a>, when it was realised that the market for the devices was not large
enough, and diverted their efforts to producing a smartphone operating system
to rival those of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbian" title="Symbian">Symbian</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Mobile" title="Windows Mobile">Windows
Mobile</a> (Apple's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a> had not been released at the time). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Despite the past accomplishments of the
founders and early employees, Android Inc. operated secretly, revealing only
that it was working on software for mobile phones. That same year, Rubin ran
out of money. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Perlman" title="Steve Perlman">Steve Perlman</a>, a close friend of Rubin, brought him
$10,000 in cash in an envelope and refused a stake in the company.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> acquired Android Inc. on August 17, 2005, making it a
wholly owned subsidiary of Google. Key employees of Android Inc., including
Rubin, Miner and White, stayed at the company after the acquisition. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Not much was known about Android Inc. at the
time, but many assumed that Google was planning to enter the mobile phone
market with this move. At Google, the team led by Rubin developed a mobile
device platform powered by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux
kernel</a>. Google marketed the platform to handset makers and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_network_operator" title="Mobile network operator">carriers</a> on the promise of providing a
flexible, upgradable system. Google had lined up a series of hardware component
and software partners and signaled to carriers that it was open to various
degrees of cooperation on their part.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_%28operating_system%29#cite_note-EngadgetMobileOS-35">[35]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_%28operating_system%29#cite_note-WSJ-36">[36]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_%28operating_system%29#cite_note-DT-37">[37]</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Speculation about Google's intention to enter
the mobile communications market continued to build through December 2006. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Reports from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal" title="Wall Street Journal">Wall Street Journal</a> noted that Google wanted
its search and applications on mobile phones and it was working hard to deliver
that. Print and online media outlets soon reported rumors that Google was
developing a Google-branded <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handset#Telephony" title="Handset">handset</a>.
Some speculated that as Google was defining technical specifications, it was
showing prototypes to cell phone manufacturers and network operators. In
September 2007, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InformationWeek" title="InformationWeek">InformationWeek</a> covered an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evalueserve" title="Evalueserve">Evalueserve</a>
study reporting that Google had filed several patent applications in the area
of mobile telephony.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">On November 5, 2007, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Handset_Alliance" title="Open Handset Alliance">Open Handset Alliance</a>, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consortium" title="Consortium">consortium</a>
of technology companies including Google, device manufacturers such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTC" title="HTC">HTC</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a>,
wireless carriers such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprint_Nextel" title="Sprint Nextel">Sprint Nextel</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Mobile" title="T-Mobile">T-Mobile</a>, and
chipset makers such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualcomm" title="Qualcomm">Qualcomm</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Instruments" title="Texas Instruments">Texas
Instruments</a>, unveiled itself, with a goal to develop <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_standard" title="Open standard">open
standards</a> for mobile devices. That day, Android was unveiled as its first
product, a mobile device <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">platform</a> built on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux
kernel</a> version 2.6. The first commercially available phone to run Android
was the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTC_Dream" title="HTC Dream">HTC
Dream</a>, released on October 22, 2008.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Since 2008, Android has seen <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_version_history" title="Android version history">numerous updates</a> which have incrementally
improved the operating system, adding new features and fixing bugs in previous
releases. Each major release is named in alphabetical order after a dessert or
sugary treat; for example, version 1.5 Cupcake was followed by 1.6 Donut. The
latest release is 4.2 Jelly Bean. In 2010, Google launched its <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Nexus" title="Google Nexus">Nexus</a>
series of devices—a line of smartphones and tablets running the Android
operating system, and built by a manufacturer partner. HTC collaborated with
Google to release the first Nexus smartphone, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexus_One" title="Nexus One">Nexus One</a>.
The series has since been updated with newer devices, such as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexus_4" title="Nexus 4">Nexus 4</a>
phone and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexus_10" title="Nexus 10">Nexus 10</a>
tablet, made by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LG" title="LG">LG</a> and
Samsung, respectively. Google releases the Nexus phones and tablets to act as
their <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagship#Flagship_as_metaphor" title="Flagship">flagship</a> Android devices, demonstrating Android's latest
software and hardware features.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">On 13 March 2013, it was announced by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Page" title="Larry Page">Larry Page</a>
in a blog post that Andy Rubin had moved from the Android division to take on
new projects at Google. He was replaced by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundar_Pichai" title="Sundar Pichai">Sundar
Pichai</a>, who also continues his role as the head of Google's Chrome
division, which develops <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Chrome_OS" title="Google Chrome OS">Chrome
OS</a>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Interface</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android's user interface is based on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_manipulation_interface" title="Direct manipulation interface">direct manipulation</a>, using touch
inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions, like swiping, tapping,
pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The response to user input is designed to be
immediate and provides a fluid touch interface, often using the vibration
capabilities of the device to provide <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haptic_feedback" title="Haptic feedback">haptic
feedback</a> to the user. Internal hardware such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerometer" title="Accelerometer">accelerometers</a>,
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyroscope" title="Gyroscope">gyroscopes</a>
and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proximity_sensor" title="Proximity sensor">proximity sensors</a> are used by some applications to
respond to additional user actions, for example adjusting the screen from
portrait to landscape depending on how the device is oriented, or allowing the
user to steer a vehicle in a racing game by rotating the device, simulating
control of a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering_wheel" title="Steering wheel">steering wheel</a>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android devices boot to the homescreen, the
primary navigation and information point on the device, which is similar to the
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_metaphor" title="Desktop metaphor">desktop</a> found on PCs. Android homescreens are
typically made up of app icons and widgets; app icons launch the associated
app, whereas widgets display live, auto-updating content such as the weather
forecast, the user's email inbox, or a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_ticker" title="News ticker">news
ticker</a> directly on the homescreen. A homescreen may be made up of several
pages that the user can swipe back and forth between, though Android's
homescreen interface is heavily customisable, allowing the user to adjust the
look and feel of the device to their tastes. Third party apps available on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Play" title="Google Play">Google
Play</a> and other app stores can extensively re-<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theme_%28computing%29" title="Theme (computing)">theme</a> the homescreen, and even mimic the look of
other operating systems, such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Phone" title="Windows Phone">Windows
Phone</a>. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Most manufacturers, and some <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone_operator" title="Mobile phone operator">wireless carriers</a>, customise the look and
feel of their Android devices to differentiate themselves from their
competitors.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_%28operating_system%29#cite_note-49">[49]</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Present along the top of the screen is a
status bar, showing information about the device and its connectivity. This status
bar can be "pulled" down to reveal a notification screen where apps
display important information or updates, such as a newly received email or SMS
text, in a way that does not immediately interrupt or inconvenience the user. In
early versions of Android these notifications could be tapped to open the
relevant app, but recent updates have provided enhanced functionality, such as
the ability to call a number back directly from the missed call notification
without having to open the dialer app first. Notifications are persistent until
read or dismissed by the user.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">APPLICATIONS</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android has a growing selection of third
party applications, which can be acquired by users either through an app store
such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Play" title="Google Play">Google
Play</a> or the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Appstore" title="Amazon Appstore">Amazon Appstore</a>, or by downloading and installing
the application's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APK_%28file_format%29" title="APK (file format)">APK</a> file from a third-party site. The Play Store
application allows users to browse, download and update apps published by
Google and third-party developers, and is pre-installed on devices that comply
with Google's compatibility requirements. The app filters the list of available
applications to those that are compatible with the user's device, and
developers may restrict their applications to particular carriers or countries
for business reasons. Purchases of unwanted applications can be refunded within
15 minutes of the time of download, and some carriers offer direct carrier
billing for Google Play application purchases, where the cost of the
application is added to the user's monthly bill. As of September 2012, there
were more than 675,000 apps available for Android, and the estimated number of
applications downloaded from the Play Store was 25 billion.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Applications are developed in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_%28programming_language%29" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> language using the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_software_development" title="Android software development">Android software development</a> kit
(SDK). The SDK includes a comprehensive set of development tools, including a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debugger" title="Debugger">debugger</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_library" title="Software library">software
libraries</a>, a handset <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulator" title="Emulator">emulator</a> based on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QEMU" title="QEMU">QEMU</a>, documentation,
sample code, and tutorials. The officially supported <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">integrated development environment</a>
(IDE) is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipse_%28software%29" title="Eclipse (software)">Eclipse</a> using the Android Development Tools
(ADT) plugin. Other development tools are available, including a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_development_kit" title="Native development kit">Native Development Kit</a> for applications or
extensions in C or C++, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_App_Inventor" title="Google App Inventor">Google App Inventor</a>, a visual environment for
novice programmers, and various <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_phone_web_based_application_framework" title="Multiple phone web based application framework">cross platform mobile
web applications frameworks</a>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">In order to work around limitations on
reaching Google services due to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Internet censorship in the People's Republic of China">Internet
censorship in the People's Republic of China</a>, Android devices sold in the
PRC are generally customized to use state approved services instead.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_%28operating_system%29#cite_note-59">[59]</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Development</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android is developed in private by Google
until the latest changes and updates are ready to be released, at which point
the source code is made available publicly. This source code will only run
without modification on select devices, usually the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Nexus" title="Google Nexus">Nexus</a>
series of devices. With others, there are proprietary <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binaries" title="Binaries">binaries</a> which
have to be provided by the manufacturer in order for Android to work.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Linux</span></div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Android-System-Architecture.svg"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Android-System-Architecture.svg/220px-Android-System-Architecture.svg.png" border="0" height="385" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.gif" width="665" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Android-System-Architecture.svg" title=""Enlarge" "><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="https://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf5/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" border="0" height="11" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.gif" width="15" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">ARCHITECTURE DIAGRAM</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android consists of a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_%28computing%29" title="Kernel (computing)">kernel</a> based on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux
kernel</a> version 2.6 and, from Android 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich onwards,
version 3.x, with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middleware" title="Middleware">middleware</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_library" title="Software library">libraries</a>
and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_programming_interface" title="Application programming interface">APIs</a> written in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_%28programming_language%29" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_software" title="Application software">application software</a> running on an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_framework" title="Application framework">application framework</a> which includes
Java-compatible libraries based on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Harmony" title="Apache Harmony">Apache
Harmony</a>. Android uses the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalvik_%28software%29" title="Dalvik (software)">Dalvik virtual machine</a> with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just-in-time_compilation" title="Just-in-time compilation">just-in-time compilation</a> to run Dalvik
'dex-code' (Dalvik Executable), which is usually translated from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_bytecode" title="Java bytecode">Java
bytecode</a>. The main hardware platform for Android is the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_architecture" title="ARM architecture">ARM
architecture</a>. There is support for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86</a> from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android-x86" title="Android-x86">Android-x86</a>
project,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_%28operating_system%29#cite_note-ARMAN-4.0-on-x86-9">[9]</a>
and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_TV" title="Google TV">Google
TV</a> uses a special x86 version of Android. In 2013, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freescale" title="Freescale">Freescale</a>
announced Android on its <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I.MX" title="I.MX">i.MX</a> processor, i.MX5X and i.MX6X series.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_%28operating_system%29#cite_note-freescale1-10">[10]</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android's Linux kernel has further
architecture changes by Google outside the typical Linux kernel development
cycle. Android does not have a native <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Window_System" title="X Window System">X
Window System</a> by default nor does it support the full set of standard <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a> libraries, and this
makes it difficult to port existing Linux applications or libraries to Android.
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Support for simple C and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_DirectMedia_Layer" title="Simple DirectMedia Layer">SDL</a> applications is possible by injection
of a small Java <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shim_%28computing%29" title="Shim (computing)">shim</a> and usage of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JNI" title="JNI">JNI</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_%28operating_system%29#cite_note-sdlandroid-66">[66]</a>
like, for example, in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagged_Alliance_2" title="Jagged Alliance 2">Jagged
Alliance 2</a> port for Android.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Certain features that Google contributed back
to the Linux kernel, notably a power management feature called
"wakelocks", were rejected by mainline kernel developers partly
because they felt that Google did not show any intent to maintain its own code.
Google announced in April 2010 that they would hire two employees to work with
the Linux kernel community, but <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Kroah-Hartman" title="Greg Kroah-Hartman">Greg Kroah-Hartman</a>, the current Linux kernel maintainer
for the stable branch, said in December 2010 that he was concerned that Google
was no longer trying to get their code changes included in mainstream Linux.
Some Google Android developers hinted that "the Android team was getting
fed up with the process," because they were a small team and had more
urgent work to do on Android.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">In August 2011, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Linus
Torvalds</a> said that "eventually Android and Linux would come back to a
common kernel, but it will probably not be for four to five years". In
December 2011, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Kroah-Hartman" title="Greg Kroah-Hartman">Greg Kroah-Hartman</a> announced the start of the
Android Mainlining Project, which aims to put some Android <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">drivers</a>,
patches and features back into the Linux kernel, starting in Linux 3.3. Linux
included the autosleep and wakelocks capabilities in the 3.5 kernel, after many
previous attempts at merger. The interfaces are the same but the upstream Linux
implementation allows for two different suspend modes: to memory (the
traditional suspend that Android uses), and to disk (hibernate, as it is known
on the desktop). The merger will be complete starting with Kernel 3.8, Google
has opened a public code repository that contains their experimental work to
re-base Android off Kernel 3.8.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_storage" title="Flash storage">flash
storage</a> on Android devices is split into several partitions, such as
"/system" for the operating system itself and "/data" for user
data and app installations. In contrast to desktop Linux distributions, Android
device owners are not given <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superuser" title="Superuser">root</a> access to the operating system and sensitive
partitions such as /systems are <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read-only_memory" title="Read-only memory">read-only</a>.
However, root access can be obtained by exploiting <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulnerability_%28computing%29" title="Vulnerability (computing)">security flaws</a> in Android, which is used
frequently by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_%28operating_system%29#Open_source_community">open
source community</a> to enhance the capabilities of their devices, but also by
malicious parties to install <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_virus" title="Computer virus">viruses</a>
and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malware" title="Malware">malware</a>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Whether or not Android counts as a Linux
distribution is a widely debated topic, with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_Foundation" title="Linux Foundation">Linux
Foundation</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_DiBona" title="Chris DiBona">Chris DiBona</a>, Google's open source chief, in favour.
Others, such as Google engineer Patrick Brady disagree, noting the lack of
support for many GNU tools, including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glibc" title="Glibc">glibc</a>, in Android.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Memory management</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Since Android devices are usually
battery-powered, Android is designed to manage memory (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random-access_memory" title="Random-access memory">RAM</a>) to keep power consumption at a minimum,
in contrast to desktop operating systems which generally assume they are
connected to unlimited <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricity" title="Mains electricity">mains electricity</a>. When an Android app is no
longer in use, the system will automatically suspend it in memory - while the
app is still technically "open," suspended apps consume no resources
(e.g. battery power or processing power) and sit idly in the background until
needed again. This has the dual benefit of increasing the general responsiveness
of Android devices, since apps don't need to be closed and reopened from
scratch each time, but also ensuring background apps don't waste power
needlessly.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android manages the apps stored in memory
automatically: when memory is low, the system will begin killing apps and
processes that have been inactive for a while, in reverse order since they were
last used (i.e. oldest first). This process is designed to be invisible to the
user, such that users do not need to manage memory or the killing of apps
themselves. However, confusion over Android memory management has resulted in
third-party task killers becoming popular on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Play" title="Google Play">Google
Play</a> store; these third-party task killers are generally regarded as doing
more harm than good.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Update schedule</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:G1,_Nexus_One,_Nexus_S,_Galaxy_Nexus.jpg"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/G1%2C_Nexus_One%2C_Nexus_S%2C_Galaxy_Nexus.jpg/200px-G1%2C_Nexus_One%2C_Nexus_S%2C_Galaxy_Nexus.jpg" border="0" height="102" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image004.jpg" width="200" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:G1,_Nexus_One,_Nexus_S,_Galaxy_Nexus.jpg" title=""Enlarge" "><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="https://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf5/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" border="0" height="11" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.gif" width="15" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">From left to right: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTC_Dream" title="HTC Dream">HTC Dream (G1)</a>,
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexus_One" title="Nexus One">Nexus One</a>,
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexus_S" title="Nexus S">Nexus S</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy_Nexus" title="Galaxy Nexus">Galaxy
Nexus</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">See also: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_version_history" title="Android version history">Android version history</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Google provides major updates, incremental in
nature, to Android every six to nine months, which most devices are capable of
receiving <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over-the-air_programming" title="Over-the-air programming">over the air</a>. The latest major update is
Android 4.2 Jelly Bean.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Compared to its chief rival mobile operating
system, namely <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a>,
Android updates are typically slow to reach actual devices. For devices not
under the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Nexus" title="Google Nexus">Nexus</a> brand, updates often arrive months from the time
the given version is officially released. This is caused partly due to the
extensive variation in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">hardware</a> of Android devices, to which each update
must be specifically tailored, as the official Google source code only runs on
their flagship <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Nexus" title="Google Nexus">Nexus</a> devices. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porting" title="Porting">Porting</a> Android
to specific hardware is a time- and resource-consuming process for device
manufacturers, who prioritize their newest devices and often leave older ones
behind. Hence, older smartphones are frequently not updated if the manufacturer
decides it is not worth their time, regardless of whether the phone is capable
of running the update. This problem is compounded when manufacturers customize
Android with their own interface and apps, which must be reapplied to each new
release. Additional delays can be introduced by wireless carriers who, after
receiving updates from manufacturers, further customize and brand Android to
their needs and conduct extensive testing on their networks before sending the
update out to users.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The lack of after-sale support from
manufacturers and carriers has been widely criticised by consumer groups and
the technology media. Some commentators have noted that the industry has a
financial incentive not to update their devices, as the lack of updates for
existing devices fuels the purchase of newer ones, an attitude described as
"insulting". <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> has complained that the complicated
method of distribution for updates is only complicated because manufacturers
and carriers have designed it that way. In 2011, Google partnered with a number
of industry players to announce an "Android Update Alliance",
pledging to deliver timely updates for every device for 18 months after its
release. As of 2013, this alliance has never been mentioned since.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">OPEN SOURCE COMMUNITY</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android has an active community of developers
and enthusiasts who use the Android source code to develop and distribute their
own modified versions of the operating system. These community-developed
releases often bring new features and updates to devices faster than through
the official manufacturer/carrier channels, albeit without as extensive testing
or quality assurance; provide continued support for older devices that no
longer receive official updates; or bring Android to devices that were
officially released running other operating systems, such as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP_TouchPad" title="HP TouchPad">HP
TouchPad</a>. Community releases often come pre-<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_rooting" title="Android rooting">rooted</a>
and contain modifications unsuitable for non-technical users, such as the
ability to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overclock" title="Overclock">overclock</a>
or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_voltage_scaling" title="Dynamic voltage scaling">over/undervolt</a> the device's processor. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CyanogenMod" title="CyanogenMod">CyanogenMod</a>
is the most widely used community firmware, and acts as a foundation for
numerous others.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Historically, device manufacturers and mobile
carriers have typically been unsupportive of third-party <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmware" title="Firmware">firmware</a>
development. Manufacturers express concern about improper functioning of
devices running unofficial software and the support costs resulting from this.
Moreover, modified firmwares such as CyanogenMod sometimes offer features, such
as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tethering" title="Tethering">tethering</a>,
for which carriers would otherwise charge a premium. As a result, technical
obstacles including locked <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootloader" title="Bootloader">bootloaders</a> and restricted access to root permissions are
common in many devices. However, as community-developed software has grown more
popular, and following a statement by the Librarian of Congress in the United
States that permits the "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS_jailbreaking" title="IOS jailbreaking">jailbreaking</a>"
of mobile devices, manufacturers and carriers have softened their position
regarding third party development, with some, including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTC" title="HTC">HTC</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola" title="Motorola">Motorola</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Mobile_Communications" title="Sony Mobile Communications">Sony</a>, providing support and encouraging
development. As a result of this, over time the need to circumvent <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware_restrictions" title="Hardware restrictions">hardware restrictions</a> to install unofficial
firmware has lessened as an increasing number of devices are shipped with
unlocked or unlockable <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootloader" title="Bootloader">bootloaders</a>, similar to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Nexus" title="Google Nexus">Nexus</a>
series of phones, although usually requiring that users waive their devices'
warranties to do so. However, despite manufacturer acceptance, some carriers in
the US still require that phones are locked down.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The unlocking and "hackability" of
smartphones and tablets remains a source of tension between the community and
industry, with the community arguing that unofficial development is
increasingly important given the failure of industry to provide timely updates
and/or continued support to their devices.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">SECURITY AND PRIVACY</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android applications run in a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandbox_%28computer_security%29" title="Sandbox (computer security)">sandbox</a>, an isolated area of the system
that does not have access to the rest of the system's resources, unless access
permissions are explicitly granted by the user when the application is
installed. Before installing an application, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Play" title="Google Play">Play Store</a>
displays all required permissions: a game may need to enable vibration or save
data to an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SD_card" title="SD card">SD
card</a>, for example, but should not need to read SMS messages or access the
phonebook. After reviewing these permissions, the user can choose to accept or
refuse them, installing the application only if they accept.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The sandboxing and permissions system lessens
the impact of vulnerabilities and bugs in applications, but developer confusion
and limited documentation has resulted in applications routinely requesting
unnecessary permissions, reducing its effectiveness. Several security firms,
such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lookout_Mobile_Security" title="Lookout Mobile Security">Lookout Mobile Security</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AVG_Technologies" title="AVG Technologies">AVG
Technologies</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McAfee" title="McAfee">McAfee</a>, have released antivirus software for Android devices.
This software is ineffective as sandboxing also applies to such applications,
limiting their ability to scan the deeper system for threats.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Research from security company <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trend_Micro" title="Trend Micro">Trend
Micro</a> lists premium service abuse as the most common type of Android
malware, where text messages are sent from infected phones to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premium-rate_telephone_number" title="Premium-rate telephone number">premium-rate telephone numbers</a>
without the consent or even knowledge of the user. Other malware displays
unwanted and intrusive adverts on the device, or sends personal information to
unauthorised third parties. Security threats on Android are reportedly growing
exponentially; however, Google engineers have argued that the malware and virus
threat on Android is being exaggerated by security companies for commercial
reasons, and have accused the security industry of playing on fears to sell
virus protection software to users. Google maintains that dangerous malware is
actually extremely rare, and a survey conducted by F-Secure showed that only
0.5% of Android malware reported had come from the Google Play store.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Google currently uses their <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Bouncer" title="Google Bouncer">Google
Bouncer</a> malware scanner to watch over and scan the Google Play store apps.
It is intended to flag up suspicious apps and warn users of any potential issues
with an application before they download it. Android version 4.2 Jelly Bean was
released in 2012 with enhanced security features, including a malware scanner
built into the system, which works in combination with Google Play but can scan
apps installed from third party sources as well, and an alert system which
notifies the user when an app tries to send a premium-rate text message,
blocking the message unless the user explicitly authorises it.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android smartphones have the ability to
report the location of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a> access points, encountered as phone users move around, to
build databases containing the physical locations of hundreds of millions of
such access points. These databases form electronic maps to locate smartphones,
allowing them to run apps like <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foursquare" title="Foursquare">Foursquare</a>,
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Latitude" title="Google Latitude">Google
Latitude</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook_Places" title="Facebook Places">Facebook Places</a>, and to deliver location-based ads.
Third party monitoring software such as TaintDroid, an academic research-funded
project, can, in some cases, detect when personal information is being sent
from applications to remote servers.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The open source nature of Android allows
security contractors to take existing devices and adapt them for highly secure
uses. For example Samsung has worked with General Dynamics through their <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Kernel_Labs" title="Open Kernel Labs">Open
Kernel Labs</a> acquisition to rebuild Jelly Bean on top of their hardened
microvisor for the "Knox" project.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Licensing</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source
code</a> for Android is available under <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">free and open-source software</a>
licenses. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>
publishes most of the code (including network and telephony <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solution_stack" title="Solution stack">stacks</a>)
under the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_License" title="Apache License">Apache License</a> version 2.0, and the rest, Linux
kernel changes, under the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</a> version 2.
The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Handset_Alliance" title="Open Handset Alliance">Open Handset Alliance</a> develops the changes to
the Linux kernel, in public, with source code publicly available at all times.
The rest of Android is developed in private by Google, with source code
released publicly when a new version is released. Typically Google collaborates
with a hardware manufacturer to produce a 'flagship' device (part of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Nexus" title="Google Nexus">Google
Nexus</a> series) featuring the new version of Android, then makes the source
code available after that device has been released.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">In early 2011, Google chose to temporarily
withhold the Android source code to the tablet-only 3.0 Honeycomb release. The
reason, according to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Rubin" title="Andy Rubin">Andy Rubin</a> in an official Android blog post, was because
Honeycomb was rushed for production of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_Xoom" title="Motorola Xoom">Motorola
Xoom</a>, and they did not want third parties creating a "really bad user
experience" by attempting to put onto smartphones a version of Android
intended for tablets. The source code was once again made available in November
2011 with the release of Android 4.0.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Even though the software is open-source,
device manufacturers cannot use Google's Android trademark unless Google
certifies that the device complies with their Compatibility Definition Document
(CDD). Devices must also meet this definition to be eligible to license
Google's closed-source applications, including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Play" title="Google Play">Google
Play</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a> have been
critical of Android and have recommended the usage of alternatives such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replicant_%28operating_system%29" title="Replicant (operating system)">Replicant</a>, because drivers and
firmware vital for the proper functioning of Android devices are usually
proprietary, and because Google Play allows <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">non-free</a> software.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Reception</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android received a lukewarm reaction when it
was unveiled in 2007. Although analysts were impressed with the respected
technology companies that had partnered with Google to form the Open Handset
Alliance, it was unclear whether mobile phone manufacturers would be willing to
replace their existing operating systems with Android. The idea of an open
source, Linux-based <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">development platform</a> sparked interest, but there
were additional worries about Android facing strong competition from
established players in the smartphone market, such as Nokia and Microsoft, and
rival Linux mobile operating systems that were in development. These
established players were skeptical: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia" title="Nokia">Nokia</a> was quoted as
saying "we don't see this as a threat," and a member of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>'s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Mobile" title="Windows Mobile">Windows
Mobile</a> team stated "I don't understand the impact that they are going
to have."</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Since then Android has grown to become the
most widely used smartphone operating system and "one of the fastest
mobile experiences available." Reviewers have highlighted the open source
nature of the operating system as one of its defining strengths, allowing
companies such as Amazon (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindle_Fire" title="Kindle Fire">Kindle Fire</a>), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble" title="Barnes & Noble">Barnes
& Noble</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble_Nook" title="Barnes & Noble Nook">Nook</a>), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouya" title="Ouya">Ouya</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baidu" title="Baidu">Baidu</a>, and others to
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fork_%28software_development%29" title="Fork (software development)">fork</a> the software and release hardware
running their own customised version of Android. As a result, it has been
described by technology website <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars_Technica" title="Ars Technica">Ars
Technica</a> as "practically the default operating system for launching
new hardware" for companies without their own mobile platforms. This
openness and flexibility is also present at the level of the end user: Android
allows extensive customisation of devices by their owners and apps are freely
available from non-Google app stores and third party websites. These have been
cited as among the main advantages of Android phones over others.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Despite Android's popularity, including an
activation rate three times that of iOS, there have been reports that Google
has not been able to leverage their other products and web services
successfully to turn Android into the money maker that analysts had expected. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Verge" title="The Verge">The Verge</a>
suggested that Google is losing control of Android due to the extensive
customization and proliferation of non-Google apps and services - for instance
the Amazon <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindle_Fire" title="Kindle Fire">Kindle Fire</a> points users to the Amazon app store that
competes directly with the Google Play store. Google SVP <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Rubin" title="Andy Rubin">Andy Rubin</a>,
who was replaced as head of the Android division in March 2013, has been blamed
for failing to establish a lucrative partnership with cell phone makers. The
chief beneficiary of Android has been <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a>, whose <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy" title="Samsung Galaxy">Galaxy</a>
brand has surpassed that of Android in terms of brand recognition since 2011. Meanwhile
other Android manufacturers have struggled since 2011, such as LG, HTC, and
Google's own <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_Mobility" title="Motorola Mobility">Motorola Mobility</a> (whose partnership with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verizon_Wireless" title="Verizon Wireless">Verizon
Wireless</a> to push the "DROID" brand has faded since 2010).
Ironically, while Google directly earns nothing from the sale of each Android
device, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>
and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>
have successfully sued to extract patent royalty payments from Android handset
manufacturers.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tablets</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<img border="0" height="300" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image006.jpg" width="638" /><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Despite its success on smartphones, initially
Android tablet adoption was slow. One of the main causes was the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_or_the_egg" title="Chicken or the egg">chicken or the egg</a> situation where consumers
were hesitant to buy an Android tablet due to a lack of high quality tablet
apps, but developers were hesitant to spend time and resources developing
tablet apps until there was a significant market for them. The content and app
"ecosystem" proved more important than hardware <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specification_%28technical_standard%29" title="Specification (technical standard)">specs</a> as the selling point for
tablets. Due to the lack of Android tablet-specific apps in 2011, early Android
tablets had to make do with existing smartphone apps that were ill-suited to
larger screen sizes, whereas the dominance of Apple's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPad" title="IPad">iPad</a> was reinforced by
the large number of tablet-specific <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> apps.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Despite app support in its infancy, a
considerable number of Android tablets (alongside those using other operating
systems, such as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP_TouchPad" title="HP TouchPad">HP TouchPad</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlackBerry_PlayBook" title="BlackBerry PlayBook">BlackBerry PlayBook</a>) were rushed out to market
in an attempt to capitalize on the success of the iPad. InfoWorld has suggested
that some Android manufacturers initially treated their first tablets as a
"Frankenphone business", a short-term low-investment opportunity by
placing a smartphone-optimized Android OS (before Android 3.0 Honeycomb for
tablets was available) on a device while neglecting user interface. This
approach, such as with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Streak" title="Dell Streak">Dell Streak</a>, failed to gain market traction with
consumers as well as damaging the early reputation of Android tablets.
Furthermore, several Android tablets such as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_Xoom" title="Motorola Xoom">Motorola
Xoom</a> were priced the same or higher than the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPad" title="IPad">iPad</a>, which hurt
sales. An exception was the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com" title="Amazon.com">Amazon</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindle_Fire" title="Kindle Fire">Kindle Fire</a>, which relied upon lower pricing as well as
access to Amazon's ecosystem of apps and content.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">This began to change in 2012 with the release
of the affordable <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexus_7" title="Nexus 7">Nexus 7</a> and a push by Google for developers to write better
tablet apps. Android tablet market share surpassed the iPad's in Q3 2012.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Market share and rate of adoption</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Research Company Canalys estimated in the
second quarter of 2009 that Android had a 2.8% share of worldwide <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphone</a>
shipments. By the fourth quarter of 2010 this had grown to 33% of the market,
becoming the top-selling smartphone platform. By the third quarter of 2011 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gartner" title="Gartner">Gartner</a>
estimated that more than half (52.5%) of the smartphone market belongs to
Android. By the third quarter of 2012 Android had a 75% share of the global
smartphone market according to the research firm IDC.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">In July 2011, Google said that 550,000 new
Android devices were being activated every day, up from 400,000 per day in May,
and more than 100 million devices had been activated with 4.4% growth per week.
In September 2012, 500 million devices had been activated with 1.3 million
activations per day. In May 2013, at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_I/O" title="Google I/O">Google I/O</a>,
Sundar Pichai announced that 900 million Android devices had been activated.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android market share varies by location. In
July 2012, Android's market share in the United States was 52%, and rose to 90%
in China.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Usage share of Android versions</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Android_chart.png"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Android_chart.png/251px-Android_chart.png" border="0" height="246" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image008.gif" width="640" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Usage share of the different versions
collected during a 14-day period ending on May 1, 2013</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Usage share of the different versions as of
June 3, 2013.</span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<thead>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Version</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Code name</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Release date</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_programming_interface" title="Application programming interface">API</a> level</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Distribution (May 1, 2013)</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelly_Bean_%28operating_system%29" title="Jelly Bean (operating system)">4.2.x</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelly_Bean_%28operating_system%29" title="Jelly Bean (operating system)">Jelly Bean</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">November 13, 2012</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">17</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">4.0%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelly_Bean_%28operating_system%29" title="Jelly Bean (operating system)">4.1.x</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelly_Bean_%28operating_system%29" title="Jelly Bean (operating system)">Jelly Bean</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">July 9, 2012</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">16</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">29.0%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Cream_Sandwich_%28operating_system%29" title="Ice Cream Sandwich (operating system)">4.0.x</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Cream_Sandwich_%28operating_system%29" title="Ice Cream Sandwich (operating system)">Ice Cream Sandwich</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">December 16, 2011</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">15</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">25.6%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeycomb_%28operating_system%29" title="Honeycomb (operating system)">3.2</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeycomb_%28operating_system%29" title="Honeycomb (operating system)">Honeycomb</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">July 15, 2011</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">13</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">0.1%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeycomb_%28operating_system%29" title="Honeycomb (operating system)">3.1</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeycomb_%28operating_system%29" title="Honeycomb (operating system)">Honeycomb</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">May 10, 2011</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">12</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_2.3" title="Android 2.3">2.3.3–2.3.7</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_2.3" title="Android 2.3">Gingerbread</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">February 9, 2011</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">10</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">36.4%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_2.3" title="Android 2.3">2.3–2.3.2</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_2.3" title="Android 2.3">Gingerbread</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">December 6, 2010</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">9</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">0.1%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Froyo" title="Android Froyo">2.2</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Froyo" title="Android Froyo">Froyo</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">May 20, 2010</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">8</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3.2%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_version_history#Android_2.0.2C_2.1_Eclair" title="Android version history">2.0–2.1</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89clair_%28operating_system%29" title="Éclair (operating system)">Eclair</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">October 26, 2009</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">7</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1.5%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donut_%28operating_system%29" title="Donut (operating system)">1.6</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donut_%28operating_system%29" title="Donut (operating system)">Donut</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">September 15, 2009</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">4</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">0.1%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 11; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1.5</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Cupcake</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">April 30, 2009</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><br /></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Application piracy</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">There has been some concern about the ease
with which paid Android apps can be <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_infringement_of_software" title="Copyright infringement of software">pirated</a>. In a May 2012 interview
with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurogamer" title="Eurogamer">Eurogamer</a>,
the developers of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Manager" title="Football Manager">Football Manager</a> stated that the ratio of pirated
players vs legitimate players was 9:1 for their game Football Manager Handheld.
However, not every developer agreed that piracy rates were an issue; for
example, in July 2012 the developers of the game Wind-up Knight said that
piracy levels of their game were only 12%, and most of the piracy came from
China, where people cannot purchase apps from Google Play.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">In 2010, Google released a tool for
validating authorised purchases for use within apps, but developers complained
that this was insufficient and trivial to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_cracking" title="Software cracking">crack</a>.
Google responded that the tool, especially its initial release, was intended as
a sample framework for developers to modify and build upon depending on their
needs, not as a finished security solution. In 2012 Google released a feature
in Android 4.1 that encrypted paid applications so that they would only work on
the device on which they were purchased, but this feature has been temporarily
deactivated due to technical issues.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Copyrights and patents</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Further information: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_v._Google" title="Oracle v. Google">Oracle
v. Google</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone_wars" title="Smartphone wars">Smartphone wars</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent_troll" title="Patent troll">Patent
troll</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Both Android and Android phone manufacturers
have been involved in numerous patent lawsuits. On August 12, 2010, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle</a> sued Google over claimed infringement of
copyrights and patents related to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_%28programming_language%29" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> programming language. Oracle
originally sought damages up to $6.1 billion, but this valuation was rejected
by a United States federal judge who asked Oracle to revise the estimate. In
response, Google submitted multiple lines of defense, counterclaiming that
Android did not infringe on Oracle's patents or copyright, that Oracle's
patents were invalid, and several other defenses. They said that Android is
based on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Harmony" title="Apache Harmony">Apache Harmony</a>, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_room_design" title="Clean room design">clean
room</a> implementation of the Java class libraries, and an independently
developed virtual machine called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalvik_%28software%29" title="Dalvik (software)">Dalvik</a>. In May 2012 the jury in this case found
that Google did not infringe on Oracle's patents, and the trial judge ruled
that the structure of the Java APIs used by Google was not copyrightable.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">In addition to lawsuits against Google
directly, various <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxy_war" title="Proxy war">proxy wars</a> have been waged against Android indirectly by
targeting manufacturers of Android devices, with the effect of discouraging
manufacturers from adopting the platform by increasing the costs of bringing an
Android device to market. Both <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>
and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>
have sued several manufacturers for patent infringement, with Apple's ongoing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc._v._Samsung_Electronics_Co.,_Ltd." title="Apple Inc. v. Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.">legal action against
Samsung</a> being a particularly high-profile case. In October 2011 Microsoft
said they had signed patent license agreements with ten Android device
manufacturers, whose products account for 55% of the worldwide revenue for
Android devices. These include <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTC" title="HTC">HTC</a>. Samsung's patent settlement with Microsoft includes an
agreement that Samsung will allocate more resources to developing and marketing
phones running Microsoft's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Phone" title="Windows Phone">Windows Phone</a> operating system.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Google has publicly expressed its frustration
for the current patent landscape in the United States, accusing Apple, Oracle
and Microsoft of trying to take down Android through patent litigation, rather
than innovating and competing with better products and services. In 2011–12,
Google purchased <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_Mobility" title="Motorola Mobility">Motorola Mobility</a> for US$12.5 billion, which was
viewed in part as a defensive measure to protect Android, since Motorola
Mobility held more than 17,000 patents. In December 2011 Google bought over a
thousand patents from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">BEYOND SMARTPHONES AND TABLETS</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SmartWatch_MN2_auf_der_Internationalen_Funkausstellung_2012_in_Berlin_1_PD.JPG"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/SmartWatch_MN2_auf_der_Internationalen_Funkausstellung_2012_in_Berlin_1_PD.JPG/150px-SmartWatch_MN2_auf_der_Internationalen_Funkausstellung_2012_in_Berlin_1_PD.JPG" border="0" height="227" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image010.jpg" width="498" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The open and customizable nature of Android
allows it to be used on other electronics, including laptops and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netbook" title="Netbook">netbooks</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartbook" title="Smartbook">smartbooks</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_TV" title="Smart TV">smart TVs</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_TV" title="Google TV">Google TV</a>)
and cameras (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikon_Coolpix_S800c" title="Nikon Coolpix S800c">Nikon Coolpix S800c</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy_Camera" title="Galaxy Camera">Galaxy
Camera</a>). In addition, the Android operating system has seen applications on
smart glasses (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Glass" title="Google Glass">Google Glass</a>), wristwatches, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headphones" title="Headphones">headphones</a>,
car CD and DVD players, mirrors, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_media_player" title="Portable media player">portable media players</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landline" title="Landline">landlines</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VoIP_phone" title="VoIP phone">Voice over
IP phones</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouya" title="Ouya">Ouya</a>,
an upcoming videogames console running Android, became one of the most
successful <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kickstarter" title="Kickstarter">Kickstarter</a> campaigns, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowdfunding" title="Crowdfunding">crowdfunding</a>
US$8.5m for its development, and was later followed by other Android-based
video games consoles such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Shield" title="Project Shield">Project
Shield</a> from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nvidia" title="Nvidia">Nvidia</a>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">In 2011, Google demonstrated
"Android@Home", a new home automaton technology which uses Android to
control a range of household devices including light switches, power sockets
and thermostats. Prototype light bulbs were announced that could be controlled
from an Android phone or tablet, but Android head Andy Rubin was cautious to
note that "turning a lightbulb on and off is nothing new," pointing
to numerous failed home automation services. Google, he said, was thinking more
ambitiously and the intention was to use their position as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">cloud</a>
services provider to bring Google products into customers' homes.</span></div>
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<![endif]--><br />SHOBUFF TECHNICAL COMPANY (SHOBTECH)http://www.blogger.com/profile/12751760050921332688noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4796030013467592005.post-36961505083258077612013-06-05T19:02:00.005+01:002013-06-05T19:02:16.168+01:00GENESIS OF ANDROIDS OPERATING SYSTEM<!--[if !mso]>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>-based <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_operating_system" title="Mobile operating system">operating system</a> designed primarily for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touchscreen" title="Touchscreen">touchscreen</a>
mobile devices such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">tablet
computers</a>. Initially developed by Android, Inc., which <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> backed
financially and later bought in 2005, Android was unveiled in 2007 along with
the founding of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Handset_Alliance" title="Open Handset Alliance">Open Handset Alliance</a>: a consortium of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">hardware</a>,
software, and telecommunication companies devoted to advancing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_standard" title="Open standard">open
standards</a> for mobile devices. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTC_Dream" title="HTC Dream">first
Android-powered phone</a> was sold in October 2008.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source">open
source</a> and Google releases the code under the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_License" title="Apache License">Apache
License</a>. This open source code and permissive licensing allows the software
to be freely modified and distributed by device manufacturers, wireless
carriers and enthusiast developers. Additionally, Android has a large community
of developers writing applications ("<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_app" title="Mobile app">apps</a>")
that extend the functionality of devices, written primarily in a customized
version of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_%28programming_language%29" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> programming language. In October
2012, there were approximately 700,000 apps available for Android, and the
estimated number of applications downloaded from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Play" title="Google Play">Google Play</a>,
Android's primary app store, was 25 billion.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">These factors have contributed towards making
Android the world's most widely used smartphone platform, overtaking <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbian" title="Symbian">Symbian</a> in the
fourth quarter of 2010, and the software of choice for technology companies who
require a low-cost, customizable, lightweight operating system for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_tech" title="High tech">high tech</a>
devices without developing one from scratch. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As a result, despite being primarily designed
for phones and tablets, it has seen additional applications on televisions, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Games_console" title="Games console">games
consoles</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital cameras</a> and other electronics. Android's
open nature has further encouraged a large community of developers and
enthusiasts to use the open source code as a foundation for community-driven
projects, which add new features for advanced users or bring Android to devices
which were officially released running other operating systems.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android had a worldwide smartphone market
share of 75% during the third quarter of 2012, with 750 million devices activated
in total and 1.5 million activations per day. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The operating system's success has made it a
target for patent litigation as part of the so-called "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone_wars" title="Smartphone wars">smartphone
wars</a>" between technology companies. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As of May 2013, a total of 900 million Android
devices have been activated and 48 billion apps have been installed from the
Google Play store. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 28.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">HISTORY</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android, Inc. was founded in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_Alto,_California" title="Palo Alto, California">Palo Alto, California</a> in October 2003 by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Rubin" title="Andy Rubin">Andy Rubin</a>
(co-founder of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danger_%28company%29" title="Danger (company)">Danger</a>), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Miner" title="Rich Miner">Rich Miner</a>
(co-founder of Wildfire Communications, Inc.), Nick Sears <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(once VP at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Mobile_USA" title="T-Mobile USA">T-Mobile</a>),
and Chris White (headed design and interface development at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebTV" title="WebTV">WebTV</a>) to develop,
in Rubin's words "smarter mobile devices that are more aware of its
owner's location and preferences". The early intentions of the company
were to develop an advanced operating system for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital
cameras</a>, when it was realised that the market for the devices was not large
enough, and diverted their efforts to producing a smartphone operating system
to rival those of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbian" title="Symbian">Symbian</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Mobile" title="Windows Mobile">Windows
Mobile</a> (Apple's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a> had not been released at the time). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Despite the past accomplishments of the
founders and early employees, Android Inc. operated secretly, revealing only
that it was working on software for mobile phones. That same year, Rubin ran
out of money. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Perlman" title="Steve Perlman">Steve Perlman</a>, a close friend of Rubin, brought him
$10,000 in cash in an envelope and refused a stake in the company.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> acquired Android Inc. on August 17, 2005, making it a
wholly owned subsidiary of Google. Key employees of Android Inc., including
Rubin, Miner and White, stayed at the company after the acquisition. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Not much was known about Android Inc. at the
time, but many assumed that Google was planning to enter the mobile phone
market with this move. At Google, the team led by Rubin developed a mobile
device platform powered by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux
kernel</a>. Google marketed the platform to handset makers and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_network_operator" title="Mobile network operator">carriers</a> on the promise of providing a
flexible, upgradable system. Google had lined up a series of hardware component
and software partners and signaled to carriers that it was open to various
degrees of cooperation on their part.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_%28operating_system%29#cite_note-EngadgetMobileOS-35">[35]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_%28operating_system%29#cite_note-WSJ-36">[36]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_%28operating_system%29#cite_note-DT-37">[37]</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Speculation about Google's intention to enter
the mobile communications market continued to build through December 2006. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Reports from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal" title="Wall Street Journal">Wall Street Journal</a> noted that Google wanted
its search and applications on mobile phones and it was working hard to deliver
that. Print and online media outlets soon reported rumors that Google was
developing a Google-branded <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handset#Telephony" title="Handset">handset</a>.
Some speculated that as Google was defining technical specifications, it was
showing prototypes to cell phone manufacturers and network operators. In
September 2007, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InformationWeek" title="InformationWeek">InformationWeek</a> covered an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evalueserve" title="Evalueserve">Evalueserve</a>
study reporting that Google had filed several patent applications in the area
of mobile telephony.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">On November 5, 2007, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Handset_Alliance" title="Open Handset Alliance">Open Handset Alliance</a>, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consortium" title="Consortium">consortium</a>
of technology companies including Google, device manufacturers such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTC" title="HTC">HTC</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a>,
wireless carriers such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprint_Nextel" title="Sprint Nextel">Sprint Nextel</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Mobile" title="T-Mobile">T-Mobile</a>, and
chipset makers such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualcomm" title="Qualcomm">Qualcomm</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Instruments" title="Texas Instruments">Texas
Instruments</a>, unveiled itself, with a goal to develop <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_standard" title="Open standard">open
standards</a> for mobile devices. That day, Android was unveiled as its first
product, a mobile device <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">platform</a> built on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux
kernel</a> version 2.6. The first commercially available phone to run Android
was the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTC_Dream" title="HTC Dream">HTC
Dream</a>, released on October 22, 2008.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Since 2008, Android has seen <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_version_history" title="Android version history">numerous updates</a> which have incrementally
improved the operating system, adding new features and fixing bugs in previous
releases. Each major release is named in alphabetical order after a dessert or
sugary treat; for example, version 1.5 Cupcake was followed by 1.6 Donut. The
latest release is 4.2 Jelly Bean. In 2010, Google launched its <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Nexus" title="Google Nexus">Nexus</a>
series of devices—a line of smartphones and tablets running the Android
operating system, and built by a manufacturer partner. HTC collaborated with
Google to release the first Nexus smartphone, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexus_One" title="Nexus One">Nexus One</a>.
The series has since been updated with newer devices, such as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexus_4" title="Nexus 4">Nexus 4</a>
phone and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexus_10" title="Nexus 10">Nexus 10</a>
tablet, made by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LG" title="LG">LG</a> and
Samsung, respectively. Google releases the Nexus phones and tablets to act as
their <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagship#Flagship_as_metaphor" title="Flagship">flagship</a> Android devices, demonstrating Android's latest
software and hardware features.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">On 13 March 2013, it was announced by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Page" title="Larry Page">Larry Page</a>
in a blog post that Andy Rubin had moved from the Android division to take on
new projects at Google. He was replaced by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundar_Pichai" title="Sundar Pichai">Sundar
Pichai</a>, who also continues his role as the head of Google's Chrome
division, which develops <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Chrome_OS" title="Google Chrome OS">Chrome
OS</a>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Interface</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android's user interface is based on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_manipulation_interface" title="Direct manipulation interface">direct manipulation</a>, using touch
inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions, like swiping, tapping,
pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The response to user input is designed to be
immediate and provides a fluid touch interface, often using the vibration
capabilities of the device to provide <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haptic_feedback" title="Haptic feedback">haptic
feedback</a> to the user. Internal hardware such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerometer" title="Accelerometer">accelerometers</a>,
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyroscope" title="Gyroscope">gyroscopes</a>
and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proximity_sensor" title="Proximity sensor">proximity sensors</a> are used by some applications to
respond to additional user actions, for example adjusting the screen from
portrait to landscape depending on how the device is oriented, or allowing the
user to steer a vehicle in a racing game by rotating the device, simulating
control of a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering_wheel" title="Steering wheel">steering wheel</a>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android devices boot to the homescreen, the
primary navigation and information point on the device, which is similar to the
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_metaphor" title="Desktop metaphor">desktop</a> found on PCs. Android homescreens are
typically made up of app icons and widgets; app icons launch the associated
app, whereas widgets display live, auto-updating content such as the weather
forecast, the user's email inbox, or a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_ticker" title="News ticker">news
ticker</a> directly on the homescreen. A homescreen may be made up of several
pages that the user can swipe back and forth between, though Android's
homescreen interface is heavily customisable, allowing the user to adjust the
look and feel of the device to their tastes. Third party apps available on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Play" title="Google Play">Google
Play</a> and other app stores can extensively re-<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theme_%28computing%29" title="Theme (computing)">theme</a> the homescreen, and even mimic the look of
other operating systems, such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Phone" title="Windows Phone">Windows
Phone</a>. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Most manufacturers, and some <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone_operator" title="Mobile phone operator">wireless carriers</a>, customise the look and
feel of their Android devices to differentiate themselves from their
competitors.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_%28operating_system%29#cite_note-49">[49]</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Present along the top of the screen is a
status bar, showing information about the device and its connectivity. This status
bar can be "pulled" down to reveal a notification screen where apps
display important information or updates, such as a newly received email or SMS
text, in a way that does not immediately interrupt or inconvenience the user. In
early versions of Android these notifications could be tapped to open the
relevant app, but recent updates have provided enhanced functionality, such as
the ability to call a number back directly from the missed call notification
without having to open the dialer app first. Notifications are persistent until
read or dismissed by the user.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">APPLICATIONS</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android has a growing selection of third
party applications, which can be acquired by users either through an app store
such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Play" title="Google Play">Google
Play</a> or the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Appstore" title="Amazon Appstore">Amazon Appstore</a>, or by downloading and installing
the application's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APK_%28file_format%29" title="APK (file format)">APK</a> file from a third-party site. The Play Store
application allows users to browse, download and update apps published by
Google and third-party developers, and is pre-installed on devices that comply
with Google's compatibility requirements. The app filters the list of available
applications to those that are compatible with the user's device, and
developers may restrict their applications to particular carriers or countries
for business reasons. Purchases of unwanted applications can be refunded within
15 minutes of the time of download, and some carriers offer direct carrier
billing for Google Play application purchases, where the cost of the
application is added to the user's monthly bill. As of September 2012, there
were more than 675,000 apps available for Android, and the estimated number of
applications downloaded from the Play Store was 25 billion.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Applications are developed in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_%28programming_language%29" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> language using the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_software_development" title="Android software development">Android software development</a> kit
(SDK). The SDK includes a comprehensive set of development tools, including a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debugger" title="Debugger">debugger</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_library" title="Software library">software
libraries</a>, a handset <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulator" title="Emulator">emulator</a> based on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QEMU" title="QEMU">QEMU</a>, documentation,
sample code, and tutorials. The officially supported <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">integrated development environment</a>
(IDE) is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipse_%28software%29" title="Eclipse (software)">Eclipse</a> using the Android Development Tools
(ADT) plugin. Other development tools are available, including a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_development_kit" title="Native development kit">Native Development Kit</a> for applications or
extensions in C or C++, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_App_Inventor" title="Google App Inventor">Google App Inventor</a>, a visual environment for
novice programmers, and various <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_phone_web_based_application_framework" title="Multiple phone web based application framework">cross platform mobile
web applications frameworks</a>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">In order to work around limitations on
reaching Google services due to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Internet censorship in the People's Republic of China">Internet
censorship in the People's Republic of China</a>, Android devices sold in the
PRC are generally customized to use state approved services instead.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_%28operating_system%29#cite_note-59">[59]</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Development</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android is developed in private by Google
until the latest changes and updates are ready to be released, at which point
the source code is made available publicly. This source code will only run
without modification on select devices, usually the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Nexus" title="Google Nexus">Nexus</a>
series of devices. With others, there are proprietary <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binaries" title="Binaries">binaries</a> which
have to be provided by the manufacturer in order for Android to work.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Linux</span></div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Android-System-Architecture.svg"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Android-System-Architecture.svg/220px-Android-System-Architecture.svg.png" border="0" height="385" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.gif" width="665" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Android-System-Architecture.svg" title=""Enlarge" "><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="https://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf5/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" border="0" height="11" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.gif" width="15" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">ARCHITECTURE DIAGRAM</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android consists of a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_%28computing%29" title="Kernel (computing)">kernel</a> based on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux
kernel</a> version 2.6 and, from Android 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich onwards,
version 3.x, with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middleware" title="Middleware">middleware</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_library" title="Software library">libraries</a>
and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_programming_interface" title="Application programming interface">APIs</a> written in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_%28programming_language%29" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_software" title="Application software">application software</a> running on an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_framework" title="Application framework">application framework</a> which includes
Java-compatible libraries based on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Harmony" title="Apache Harmony">Apache
Harmony</a>. Android uses the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalvik_%28software%29" title="Dalvik (software)">Dalvik virtual machine</a> with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just-in-time_compilation" title="Just-in-time compilation">just-in-time compilation</a> to run Dalvik
'dex-code' (Dalvik Executable), which is usually translated from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_bytecode" title="Java bytecode">Java
bytecode</a>. The main hardware platform for Android is the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_architecture" title="ARM architecture">ARM
architecture</a>. There is support for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86</a> from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android-x86" title="Android-x86">Android-x86</a>
project,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_%28operating_system%29#cite_note-ARMAN-4.0-on-x86-9">[9]</a>
and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_TV" title="Google TV">Google
TV</a> uses a special x86 version of Android. In 2013, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freescale" title="Freescale">Freescale</a>
announced Android on its <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I.MX" title="I.MX">i.MX</a> processor, i.MX5X and i.MX6X series.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_%28operating_system%29#cite_note-freescale1-10">[10]</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android's Linux kernel has further
architecture changes by Google outside the typical Linux kernel development
cycle. Android does not have a native <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Window_System" title="X Window System">X
Window System</a> by default nor does it support the full set of standard <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a> libraries, and this
makes it difficult to port existing Linux applications or libraries to Android.
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Support for simple C and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_DirectMedia_Layer" title="Simple DirectMedia Layer">SDL</a> applications is possible by injection
of a small Java <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shim_%28computing%29" title="Shim (computing)">shim</a> and usage of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JNI" title="JNI">JNI</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_%28operating_system%29#cite_note-sdlandroid-66">[66]</a>
like, for example, in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagged_Alliance_2" title="Jagged Alliance 2">Jagged
Alliance 2</a> port for Android.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Certain features that Google contributed back
to the Linux kernel, notably a power management feature called
"wakelocks", were rejected by mainline kernel developers partly
because they felt that Google did not show any intent to maintain its own code.
Google announced in April 2010 that they would hire two employees to work with
the Linux kernel community, but <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Kroah-Hartman" title="Greg Kroah-Hartman">Greg Kroah-Hartman</a>, the current Linux kernel maintainer
for the stable branch, said in December 2010 that he was concerned that Google
was no longer trying to get their code changes included in mainstream Linux.
Some Google Android developers hinted that "the Android team was getting
fed up with the process," because they were a small team and had more
urgent work to do on Android.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">In August 2011, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Linus
Torvalds</a> said that "eventually Android and Linux would come back to a
common kernel, but it will probably not be for four to five years". In
December 2011, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Kroah-Hartman" title="Greg Kroah-Hartman">Greg Kroah-Hartman</a> announced the start of the
Android Mainlining Project, which aims to put some Android <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">drivers</a>,
patches and features back into the Linux kernel, starting in Linux 3.3. Linux
included the autosleep and wakelocks capabilities in the 3.5 kernel, after many
previous attempts at merger. The interfaces are the same but the upstream Linux
implementation allows for two different suspend modes: to memory (the
traditional suspend that Android uses), and to disk (hibernate, as it is known
on the desktop). The merger will be complete starting with Kernel 3.8, Google
has opened a public code repository that contains their experimental work to
re-base Android off Kernel 3.8.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_storage" title="Flash storage">flash
storage</a> on Android devices is split into several partitions, such as
"/system" for the operating system itself and "/data" for user
data and app installations. In contrast to desktop Linux distributions, Android
device owners are not given <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superuser" title="Superuser">root</a> access to the operating system and sensitive
partitions such as /systems are <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read-only_memory" title="Read-only memory">read-only</a>.
However, root access can be obtained by exploiting <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulnerability_%28computing%29" title="Vulnerability (computing)">security flaws</a> in Android, which is used
frequently by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_%28operating_system%29#Open_source_community">open
source community</a> to enhance the capabilities of their devices, but also by
malicious parties to install <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_virus" title="Computer virus">viruses</a>
and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malware" title="Malware">malware</a>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Whether or not Android counts as a Linux
distribution is a widely debated topic, with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_Foundation" title="Linux Foundation">Linux
Foundation</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_DiBona" title="Chris DiBona">Chris DiBona</a>, Google's open source chief, in favour.
Others, such as Google engineer Patrick Brady disagree, noting the lack of
support for many GNU tools, including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glibc" title="Glibc">glibc</a>, in Android.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Memory management</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Since Android devices are usually
battery-powered, Android is designed to manage memory (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random-access_memory" title="Random-access memory">RAM</a>) to keep power consumption at a minimum,
in contrast to desktop operating systems which generally assume they are
connected to unlimited <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricity" title="Mains electricity">mains electricity</a>. When an Android app is no
longer in use, the system will automatically suspend it in memory - while the
app is still technically "open," suspended apps consume no resources
(e.g. battery power or processing power) and sit idly in the background until
needed again. This has the dual benefit of increasing the general responsiveness
of Android devices, since apps don't need to be closed and reopened from
scratch each time, but also ensuring background apps don't waste power
needlessly.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android manages the apps stored in memory
automatically: when memory is low, the system will begin killing apps and
processes that have been inactive for a while, in reverse order since they were
last used (i.e. oldest first). This process is designed to be invisible to the
user, such that users do not need to manage memory or the killing of apps
themselves. However, confusion over Android memory management has resulted in
third-party task killers becoming popular on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Play" title="Google Play">Google
Play</a> store; these third-party task killers are generally regarded as doing
more harm than good.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Update schedule</span></div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:G1,_Nexus_One,_Nexus_S,_Galaxy_Nexus.jpg"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/G1%2C_Nexus_One%2C_Nexus_S%2C_Galaxy_Nexus.jpg/200px-G1%2C_Nexus_One%2C_Nexus_S%2C_Galaxy_Nexus.jpg" border="0" height="102" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image004.jpg" width="200" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:G1,_Nexus_One,_Nexus_S,_Galaxy_Nexus.jpg" title=""Enlarge" "><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="https://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf5/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" border="0" height="11" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.gif" width="15" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">From left to right: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTC_Dream" title="HTC Dream">HTC Dream (G1)</a>,
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexus_One" title="Nexus One">Nexus One</a>,
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexus_S" title="Nexus S">Nexus S</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy_Nexus" title="Galaxy Nexus">Galaxy
Nexus</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">See also: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_version_history" title="Android version history">Android version history</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Google provides major updates, incremental in
nature, to Android every six to nine months, which most devices are capable of
receiving <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over-the-air_programming" title="Over-the-air programming">over the air</a>. The latest major update is
Android 4.2 Jelly Bean.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Compared to its chief rival mobile operating
system, namely <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a>,
Android updates are typically slow to reach actual devices. For devices not
under the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Nexus" title="Google Nexus">Nexus</a> brand, updates often arrive months from the time
the given version is officially released. This is caused partly due to the
extensive variation in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">hardware</a> of Android devices, to which each update
must be specifically tailored, as the official Google source code only runs on
their flagship <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Nexus" title="Google Nexus">Nexus</a> devices. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porting" title="Porting">Porting</a> Android
to specific hardware is a time- and resource-consuming process for device
manufacturers, who prioritize their newest devices and often leave older ones
behind. Hence, older smartphones are frequently not updated if the manufacturer
decides it is not worth their time, regardless of whether the phone is capable
of running the update. This problem is compounded when manufacturers customize
Android with their own interface and apps, which must be reapplied to each new
release. Additional delays can be introduced by wireless carriers who, after
receiving updates from manufacturers, further customize and brand Android to
their needs and conduct extensive testing on their networks before sending the
update out to users.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The lack of after-sale support from
manufacturers and carriers has been widely criticised by consumer groups and
the technology media. Some commentators have noted that the industry has a
financial incentive not to update their devices, as the lack of updates for
existing devices fuels the purchase of newer ones, an attitude described as
"insulting". <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> has complained that the complicated
method of distribution for updates is only complicated because manufacturers
and carriers have designed it that way. In 2011, Google partnered with a number
of industry players to announce an "Android Update Alliance",
pledging to deliver timely updates for every device for 18 months after its
release. As of 2013, this alliance has never been mentioned since.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">OPEN SOURCE COMMUNITY</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android has an active community of developers
and enthusiasts who use the Android source code to develop and distribute their
own modified versions of the operating system. These community-developed
releases often bring new features and updates to devices faster than through
the official manufacturer/carrier channels, albeit without as extensive testing
or quality assurance; provide continued support for older devices that no
longer receive official updates; or bring Android to devices that were
officially released running other operating systems, such as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP_TouchPad" title="HP TouchPad">HP
TouchPad</a>. Community releases often come pre-<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_rooting" title="Android rooting">rooted</a>
and contain modifications unsuitable for non-technical users, such as the
ability to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overclock" title="Overclock">overclock</a>
or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_voltage_scaling" title="Dynamic voltage scaling">over/undervolt</a> the device's processor. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CyanogenMod" title="CyanogenMod">CyanogenMod</a>
is the most widely used community firmware, and acts as a foundation for
numerous others.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Historically, device manufacturers and mobile
carriers have typically been unsupportive of third-party <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmware" title="Firmware">firmware</a>
development. Manufacturers express concern about improper functioning of
devices running unofficial software and the support costs resulting from this.
Moreover, modified firmwares such as CyanogenMod sometimes offer features, such
as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tethering" title="Tethering">tethering</a>,
for which carriers would otherwise charge a premium. As a result, technical
obstacles including locked <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootloader" title="Bootloader">bootloaders</a> and restricted access to root permissions are
common in many devices. However, as community-developed software has grown more
popular, and following a statement by the Librarian of Congress in the United
States that permits the "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS_jailbreaking" title="IOS jailbreaking">jailbreaking</a>"
of mobile devices, manufacturers and carriers have softened their position
regarding third party development, with some, including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTC" title="HTC">HTC</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola" title="Motorola">Motorola</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Mobile_Communications" title="Sony Mobile Communications">Sony</a>, providing support and encouraging
development. As a result of this, over time the need to circumvent <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware_restrictions" title="Hardware restrictions">hardware restrictions</a> to install unofficial
firmware has lessened as an increasing number of devices are shipped with
unlocked or unlockable <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootloader" title="Bootloader">bootloaders</a>, similar to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Nexus" title="Google Nexus">Nexus</a>
series of phones, although usually requiring that users waive their devices'
warranties to do so. However, despite manufacturer acceptance, some carriers in
the US still require that phones are locked down.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The unlocking and "hackability" of
smartphones and tablets remains a source of tension between the community and
industry, with the community arguing that unofficial development is
increasingly important given the failure of industry to provide timely updates
and/or continued support to their devices.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">SECURITY AND PRIVACY</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android applications run in a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandbox_%28computer_security%29" title="Sandbox (computer security)">sandbox</a>, an isolated area of the system
that does not have access to the rest of the system's resources, unless access
permissions are explicitly granted by the user when the application is
installed. Before installing an application, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Play" title="Google Play">Play Store</a>
displays all required permissions: a game may need to enable vibration or save
data to an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SD_card" title="SD card">SD
card</a>, for example, but should not need to read SMS messages or access the
phonebook. After reviewing these permissions, the user can choose to accept or
refuse them, installing the application only if they accept.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The sandboxing and permissions system lessens
the impact of vulnerabilities and bugs in applications, but developer confusion
and limited documentation has resulted in applications routinely requesting
unnecessary permissions, reducing its effectiveness. Several security firms,
such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lookout_Mobile_Security" title="Lookout Mobile Security">Lookout Mobile Security</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AVG_Technologies" title="AVG Technologies">AVG
Technologies</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McAfee" title="McAfee">McAfee</a>, have released antivirus software for Android devices.
This software is ineffective as sandboxing also applies to such applications,
limiting their ability to scan the deeper system for threats.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Research from security company <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trend_Micro" title="Trend Micro">Trend
Micro</a> lists premium service abuse as the most common type of Android
malware, where text messages are sent from infected phones to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premium-rate_telephone_number" title="Premium-rate telephone number">premium-rate telephone numbers</a>
without the consent or even knowledge of the user. Other malware displays
unwanted and intrusive adverts on the device, or sends personal information to
unauthorised third parties. Security threats on Android are reportedly growing
exponentially; however, Google engineers have argued that the malware and virus
threat on Android is being exaggerated by security companies for commercial
reasons, and have accused the security industry of playing on fears to sell
virus protection software to users. Google maintains that dangerous malware is
actually extremely rare, and a survey conducted by F-Secure showed that only
0.5% of Android malware reported had come from the Google Play store.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Google currently uses their <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Bouncer" title="Google Bouncer">Google
Bouncer</a> malware scanner to watch over and scan the Google Play store apps.
It is intended to flag up suspicious apps and warn users of any potential issues
with an application before they download it. Android version 4.2 Jelly Bean was
released in 2012 with enhanced security features, including a malware scanner
built into the system, which works in combination with Google Play but can scan
apps installed from third party sources as well, and an alert system which
notifies the user when an app tries to send a premium-rate text message,
blocking the message unless the user explicitly authorises it.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android smartphones have the ability to
report the location of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a> access points, encountered as phone users move around, to
build databases containing the physical locations of hundreds of millions of
such access points. These databases form electronic maps to locate smartphones,
allowing them to run apps like <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foursquare" title="Foursquare">Foursquare</a>,
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Latitude" title="Google Latitude">Google
Latitude</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook_Places" title="Facebook Places">Facebook Places</a>, and to deliver location-based ads.
Third party monitoring software such as TaintDroid, an academic research-funded
project, can, in some cases, detect when personal information is being sent
from applications to remote servers.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The open source nature of Android allows
security contractors to take existing devices and adapt them for highly secure
uses. For example Samsung has worked with General Dynamics through their <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Kernel_Labs" title="Open Kernel Labs">Open
Kernel Labs</a> acquisition to rebuild Jelly Bean on top of their hardened
microvisor for the "Knox" project.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Licensing</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source
code</a> for Android is available under <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">free and open-source software</a>
licenses. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>
publishes most of the code (including network and telephony <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solution_stack" title="Solution stack">stacks</a>)
under the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_License" title="Apache License">Apache License</a> version 2.0, and the rest, Linux
kernel changes, under the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</a> version 2.
The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Handset_Alliance" title="Open Handset Alliance">Open Handset Alliance</a> develops the changes to
the Linux kernel, in public, with source code publicly available at all times.
The rest of Android is developed in private by Google, with source code
released publicly when a new version is released. Typically Google collaborates
with a hardware manufacturer to produce a 'flagship' device (part of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Nexus" title="Google Nexus">Google
Nexus</a> series) featuring the new version of Android, then makes the source
code available after that device has been released.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">In early 2011, Google chose to temporarily
withhold the Android source code to the tablet-only 3.0 Honeycomb release. The
reason, according to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Rubin" title="Andy Rubin">Andy Rubin</a> in an official Android blog post, was because
Honeycomb was rushed for production of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_Xoom" title="Motorola Xoom">Motorola
Xoom</a>, and they did not want third parties creating a "really bad user
experience" by attempting to put onto smartphones a version of Android
intended for tablets. The source code was once again made available in November
2011 with the release of Android 4.0.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Even though the software is open-source,
device manufacturers cannot use Google's Android trademark unless Google
certifies that the device complies with their Compatibility Definition Document
(CDD). Devices must also meet this definition to be eligible to license
Google's closed-source applications, including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Play" title="Google Play">Google
Play</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a> have been
critical of Android and have recommended the usage of alternatives such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replicant_%28operating_system%29" title="Replicant (operating system)">Replicant</a>, because drivers and
firmware vital for the proper functioning of Android devices are usually
proprietary, and because Google Play allows <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">non-free</a> software.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Reception</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android received a lukewarm reaction when it
was unveiled in 2007. Although analysts were impressed with the respected
technology companies that had partnered with Google to form the Open Handset
Alliance, it was unclear whether mobile phone manufacturers would be willing to
replace their existing operating systems with Android. The idea of an open
source, Linux-based <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">development platform</a> sparked interest, but there
were additional worries about Android facing strong competition from
established players in the smartphone market, such as Nokia and Microsoft, and
rival Linux mobile operating systems that were in development. These
established players were skeptical: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia" title="Nokia">Nokia</a> was quoted as
saying "we don't see this as a threat," and a member of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>'s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Mobile" title="Windows Mobile">Windows
Mobile</a> team stated "I don't understand the impact that they are going
to have."</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Since then Android has grown to become the
most widely used smartphone operating system and "one of the fastest
mobile experiences available." Reviewers have highlighted the open source
nature of the operating system as one of its defining strengths, allowing
companies such as Amazon (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindle_Fire" title="Kindle Fire">Kindle Fire</a>), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble" title="Barnes & Noble">Barnes
& Noble</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble_Nook" title="Barnes & Noble Nook">Nook</a>), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouya" title="Ouya">Ouya</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baidu" title="Baidu">Baidu</a>, and others to
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fork_%28software_development%29" title="Fork (software development)">fork</a> the software and release hardware
running their own customised version of Android. As a result, it has been
described by technology website <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars_Technica" title="Ars Technica">Ars
Technica</a> as "practically the default operating system for launching
new hardware" for companies without their own mobile platforms. This
openness and flexibility is also present at the level of the end user: Android
allows extensive customisation of devices by their owners and apps are freely
available from non-Google app stores and third party websites. These have been
cited as among the main advantages of Android phones over others.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Despite Android's popularity, including an
activation rate three times that of iOS, there have been reports that Google
has not been able to leverage their other products and web services
successfully to turn Android into the money maker that analysts had expected. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Verge" title="The Verge">The Verge</a>
suggested that Google is losing control of Android due to the extensive
customization and proliferation of non-Google apps and services - for instance
the Amazon <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindle_Fire" title="Kindle Fire">Kindle Fire</a> points users to the Amazon app store that
competes directly with the Google Play store. Google SVP <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Rubin" title="Andy Rubin">Andy Rubin</a>,
who was replaced as head of the Android division in March 2013, has been blamed
for failing to establish a lucrative partnership with cell phone makers. The
chief beneficiary of Android has been <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a>, whose <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy" title="Samsung Galaxy">Galaxy</a>
brand has surpassed that of Android in terms of brand recognition since 2011. Meanwhile
other Android manufacturers have struggled since 2011, such as LG, HTC, and
Google's own <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_Mobility" title="Motorola Mobility">Motorola Mobility</a> (whose partnership with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verizon_Wireless" title="Verizon Wireless">Verizon
Wireless</a> to push the "DROID" brand has faded since 2010).
Ironically, while Google directly earns nothing from the sale of each Android
device, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>
and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>
have successfully sued to extract patent royalty payments from Android handset
manufacturers.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tablets</span></div>
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<img border="0" height="300" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image006.jpg" width="638" /><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Despite its success on smartphones, initially
Android tablet adoption was slow. One of the main causes was the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_or_the_egg" title="Chicken or the egg">chicken or the egg</a> situation where consumers
were hesitant to buy an Android tablet due to a lack of high quality tablet
apps, but developers were hesitant to spend time and resources developing
tablet apps until there was a significant market for them. The content and app
"ecosystem" proved more important than hardware <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specification_%28technical_standard%29" title="Specification (technical standard)">specs</a> as the selling point for
tablets. Due to the lack of Android tablet-specific apps in 2011, early Android
tablets had to make do with existing smartphone apps that were ill-suited to
larger screen sizes, whereas the dominance of Apple's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPad" title="IPad">iPad</a> was reinforced by
the large number of tablet-specific <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> apps.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Despite app support in its infancy, a
considerable number of Android tablets (alongside those using other operating
systems, such as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP_TouchPad" title="HP TouchPad">HP TouchPad</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlackBerry_PlayBook" title="BlackBerry PlayBook">BlackBerry PlayBook</a>) were rushed out to market
in an attempt to capitalize on the success of the iPad. InfoWorld has suggested
that some Android manufacturers initially treated their first tablets as a
"Frankenphone business", a short-term low-investment opportunity by
placing a smartphone-optimized Android OS (before Android 3.0 Honeycomb for
tablets was available) on a device while neglecting user interface. This
approach, such as with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Streak" title="Dell Streak">Dell Streak</a>, failed to gain market traction with
consumers as well as damaging the early reputation of Android tablets.
Furthermore, several Android tablets such as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_Xoom" title="Motorola Xoom">Motorola
Xoom</a> were priced the same or higher than the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPad" title="IPad">iPad</a>, which hurt
sales. An exception was the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com" title="Amazon.com">Amazon</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindle_Fire" title="Kindle Fire">Kindle Fire</a>, which relied upon lower pricing as well as
access to Amazon's ecosystem of apps and content.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">This began to change in 2012 with the release
of the affordable <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexus_7" title="Nexus 7">Nexus 7</a> and a push by Google for developers to write better
tablet apps. Android tablet market share surpassed the iPad's in Q3 2012.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Market share and rate of adoption</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Research Company Canalys estimated in the
second quarter of 2009 that Android had a 2.8% share of worldwide <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphone</a>
shipments. By the fourth quarter of 2010 this had grown to 33% of the market,
becoming the top-selling smartphone platform. By the third quarter of 2011 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gartner" title="Gartner">Gartner</a>
estimated that more than half (52.5%) of the smartphone market belongs to
Android. By the third quarter of 2012 Android had a 75% share of the global
smartphone market according to the research firm IDC.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">In July 2011, Google said that 550,000 new
Android devices were being activated every day, up from 400,000 per day in May,
and more than 100 million devices had been activated with 4.4% growth per week.
In September 2012, 500 million devices had been activated with 1.3 million
activations per day. In May 2013, at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_I/O" title="Google I/O">Google I/O</a>,
Sundar Pichai announced that 900 million Android devices had been activated.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android market share varies by location. In
July 2012, Android's market share in the United States was 52%, and rose to 90%
in China.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Usage share of Android versions</span></div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Android_chart.png"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Android_chart.png/251px-Android_chart.png" border="0" height="246" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image008.gif" width="640" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Usage share of the different versions
collected during a 14-day period ending on May 1, 2013</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Usage share of the different versions as of
June 3, 2013.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Version</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Code name</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Release date</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_programming_interface" title="Application programming interface">API</a> level</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Distribution (May 1, 2013)</span></div>
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<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelly_Bean_%28operating_system%29" title="Jelly Bean (operating system)">4.2.x</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelly_Bean_%28operating_system%29" title="Jelly Bean (operating system)">Jelly Bean</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">November 13, 2012</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">17</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">4.0%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelly_Bean_%28operating_system%29" title="Jelly Bean (operating system)">4.1.x</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelly_Bean_%28operating_system%29" title="Jelly Bean (operating system)">Jelly Bean</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">July 9, 2012</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">16</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">29.0%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Cream_Sandwich_%28operating_system%29" title="Ice Cream Sandwich (operating system)">4.0.x</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Cream_Sandwich_%28operating_system%29" title="Ice Cream Sandwich (operating system)">Ice Cream Sandwich</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">December 16, 2011</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">15</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">25.6%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeycomb_%28operating_system%29" title="Honeycomb (operating system)">3.2</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeycomb_%28operating_system%29" title="Honeycomb (operating system)">Honeycomb</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">July 15, 2011</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">13</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">0.1%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeycomb_%28operating_system%29" title="Honeycomb (operating system)">3.1</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeycomb_%28operating_system%29" title="Honeycomb (operating system)">Honeycomb</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">May 10, 2011</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">12</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_2.3" title="Android 2.3">2.3.3–2.3.7</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_2.3" title="Android 2.3">Gingerbread</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">February 9, 2011</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">10</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">36.4%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_2.3" title="Android 2.3">2.3–2.3.2</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_2.3" title="Android 2.3">Gingerbread</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">December 6, 2010</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">9</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">0.1%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Froyo" title="Android Froyo">2.2</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Froyo" title="Android Froyo">Froyo</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">May 20, 2010</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">8</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3.2%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_version_history#Android_2.0.2C_2.1_Eclair" title="Android version history">2.0–2.1</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89clair_%28operating_system%29" title="Éclair (operating system)">Eclair</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">October 26, 2009</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
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</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1.5%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donut_%28operating_system%29" title="Donut (operating system)">1.6</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donut_%28operating_system%29" title="Donut (operating system)">Donut</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">September 15, 2009</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">4</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">0.1%</span></div>
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</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 11; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1.5</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Cupcake</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">April 30, 2009</span></div>
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<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><br /></td>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Application piracy</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">There has been some concern about the ease
with which paid Android apps can be <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_infringement_of_software" title="Copyright infringement of software">pirated</a>. In a May 2012 interview
with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurogamer" title="Eurogamer">Eurogamer</a>,
the developers of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Manager" title="Football Manager">Football Manager</a> stated that the ratio of pirated
players vs legitimate players was 9:1 for their game Football Manager Handheld.
However, not every developer agreed that piracy rates were an issue; for
example, in July 2012 the developers of the game Wind-up Knight said that
piracy levels of their game were only 12%, and most of the piracy came from
China, where people cannot purchase apps from Google Play.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">In 2010, Google released a tool for
validating authorised purchases for use within apps, but developers complained
that this was insufficient and trivial to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_cracking" title="Software cracking">crack</a>.
Google responded that the tool, especially its initial release, was intended as
a sample framework for developers to modify and build upon depending on their
needs, not as a finished security solution. In 2012 Google released a feature
in Android 4.1 that encrypted paid applications so that they would only work on
the device on which they were purchased, but this feature has been temporarily
deactivated due to technical issues.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Copyrights and patents</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Further information: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_v._Google" title="Oracle v. Google">Oracle
v. Google</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone_wars" title="Smartphone wars">Smartphone wars</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent_troll" title="Patent troll">Patent
troll</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Both Android and Android phone manufacturers
have been involved in numerous patent lawsuits. On August 12, 2010, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle</a> sued Google over claimed infringement of
copyrights and patents related to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_%28programming_language%29" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> programming language. Oracle
originally sought damages up to $6.1 billion, but this valuation was rejected
by a United States federal judge who asked Oracle to revise the estimate. In
response, Google submitted multiple lines of defense, counterclaiming that
Android did not infringe on Oracle's patents or copyright, that Oracle's
patents were invalid, and several other defenses. They said that Android is
based on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Harmony" title="Apache Harmony">Apache Harmony</a>, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_room_design" title="Clean room design">clean
room</a> implementation of the Java class libraries, and an independently
developed virtual machine called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalvik_%28software%29" title="Dalvik (software)">Dalvik</a>. In May 2012 the jury in this case found
that Google did not infringe on Oracle's patents, and the trial judge ruled
that the structure of the Java APIs used by Google was not copyrightable.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">In addition to lawsuits against Google
directly, various <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxy_war" title="Proxy war">proxy wars</a> have been waged against Android indirectly by
targeting manufacturers of Android devices, with the effect of discouraging
manufacturers from adopting the platform by increasing the costs of bringing an
Android device to market. Both <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>
and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>
have sued several manufacturers for patent infringement, with Apple's ongoing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc._v._Samsung_Electronics_Co.,_Ltd." title="Apple Inc. v. Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.">legal action against
Samsung</a> being a particularly high-profile case. In October 2011 Microsoft
said they had signed patent license agreements with ten Android device
manufacturers, whose products account for 55% of the worldwide revenue for
Android devices. These include <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTC" title="HTC">HTC</a>. Samsung's patent settlement with Microsoft includes an
agreement that Samsung will allocate more resources to developing and marketing
phones running Microsoft's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Phone" title="Windows Phone">Windows Phone</a> operating system.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Google has publicly expressed its frustration
for the current patent landscape in the United States, accusing Apple, Oracle
and Microsoft of trying to take down Android through patent litigation, rather
than innovating and competing with better products and services. In 2011–12,
Google purchased <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_Mobility" title="Motorola Mobility">Motorola Mobility</a> for US$12.5 billion, which was
viewed in part as a defensive measure to protect Android, since Motorola
Mobility held more than 17,000 patents. In December 2011 Google bought over a
thousand patents from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">BEYOND SMARTPHONES AND TABLETS</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SmartWatch_MN2_auf_der_Internationalen_Funkausstellung_2012_in_Berlin_1_PD.JPG"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/SmartWatch_MN2_auf_der_Internationalen_Funkausstellung_2012_in_Berlin_1_PD.JPG/150px-SmartWatch_MN2_auf_der_Internationalen_Funkausstellung_2012_in_Berlin_1_PD.JPG" border="0" height="227" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image010.jpg" width="498" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The open and customizable nature of Android
allows it to be used on other electronics, including laptops and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netbook" title="Netbook">netbooks</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartbook" title="Smartbook">smartbooks</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_TV" title="Smart TV">smart TVs</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_TV" title="Google TV">Google TV</a>)
and cameras (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikon_Coolpix_S800c" title="Nikon Coolpix S800c">Nikon Coolpix S800c</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy_Camera" title="Galaxy Camera">Galaxy
Camera</a>). In addition, the Android operating system has seen applications on
smart glasses (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Glass" title="Google Glass">Google Glass</a>), wristwatches, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headphones" title="Headphones">headphones</a>,
car CD and DVD players, mirrors, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_media_player" title="Portable media player">portable media players</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landline" title="Landline">landlines</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VoIP_phone" title="VoIP phone">Voice over
IP phones</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouya" title="Ouya">Ouya</a>,
an upcoming videogames console running Android, became one of the most
successful <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kickstarter" title="Kickstarter">Kickstarter</a> campaigns, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowdfunding" title="Crowdfunding">crowdfunding</a>
US$8.5m for its development, and was later followed by other Android-based
video games consoles such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Shield" title="Project Shield">Project
Shield</a> from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nvidia" title="Nvidia">Nvidia</a>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">In 2011, Google demonstrated
"Android@Home", a new home automaton technology which uses Android to
control a range of household devices including light switches, power sockets
and thermostats. Prototype light bulbs were announced that could be controlled
from an Android phone or tablet, but Android head Andy Rubin was cautious to
note that "turning a lightbulb on and off is nothing new," pointing
to numerous failed home automation services. Google, he said, was thinking more
ambitiously and the intention was to use their position as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">cloud</a>
services provider to bring Google products into customers' homes.</span></div>
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<![endif]--><br />SHOBUFF TECHNICAL COMPANY (SHOBTECH)http://www.blogger.com/profile/12751760050921332688noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4796030013467592005.post-67509496722576809402013-06-05T19:02:00.003+01:002013-06-05T19:02:11.340+01:00GENESIS OF ANDROIDS OPERATING SYSTEM<!--[if !mso]>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>-based <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_operating_system" title="Mobile operating system">operating system</a> designed primarily for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touchscreen" title="Touchscreen">touchscreen</a>
mobile devices such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">tablet
computers</a>. Initially developed by Android, Inc., which <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> backed
financially and later bought in 2005, Android was unveiled in 2007 along with
the founding of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Handset_Alliance" title="Open Handset Alliance">Open Handset Alliance</a>: a consortium of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">hardware</a>,
software, and telecommunication companies devoted to advancing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_standard" title="Open standard">open
standards</a> for mobile devices. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTC_Dream" title="HTC Dream">first
Android-powered phone</a> was sold in October 2008.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source">open
source</a> and Google releases the code under the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_License" title="Apache License">Apache
License</a>. This open source code and permissive licensing allows the software
to be freely modified and distributed by device manufacturers, wireless
carriers and enthusiast developers. Additionally, Android has a large community
of developers writing applications ("<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_app" title="Mobile app">apps</a>")
that extend the functionality of devices, written primarily in a customized
version of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_%28programming_language%29" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> programming language. In October
2012, there were approximately 700,000 apps available for Android, and the
estimated number of applications downloaded from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Play" title="Google Play">Google Play</a>,
Android's primary app store, was 25 billion.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">These factors have contributed towards making
Android the world's most widely used smartphone platform, overtaking <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbian" title="Symbian">Symbian</a> in the
fourth quarter of 2010, and the software of choice for technology companies who
require a low-cost, customizable, lightweight operating system for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_tech" title="High tech">high tech</a>
devices without developing one from scratch. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As a result, despite being primarily designed
for phones and tablets, it has seen additional applications on televisions, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Games_console" title="Games console">games
consoles</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital cameras</a> and other electronics. Android's
open nature has further encouraged a large community of developers and
enthusiasts to use the open source code as a foundation for community-driven
projects, which add new features for advanced users or bring Android to devices
which were officially released running other operating systems.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android had a worldwide smartphone market
share of 75% during the third quarter of 2012, with 750 million devices activated
in total and 1.5 million activations per day. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The operating system's success has made it a
target for patent litigation as part of the so-called "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone_wars" title="Smartphone wars">smartphone
wars</a>" between technology companies. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As of May 2013, a total of 900 million Android
devices have been activated and 48 billion apps have been installed from the
Google Play store. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 28.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">HISTORY</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android, Inc. was founded in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_Alto,_California" title="Palo Alto, California">Palo Alto, California</a> in October 2003 by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Rubin" title="Andy Rubin">Andy Rubin</a>
(co-founder of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danger_%28company%29" title="Danger (company)">Danger</a>), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Miner" title="Rich Miner">Rich Miner</a>
(co-founder of Wildfire Communications, Inc.), Nick Sears <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(once VP at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Mobile_USA" title="T-Mobile USA">T-Mobile</a>),
and Chris White (headed design and interface development at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebTV" title="WebTV">WebTV</a>) to develop,
in Rubin's words "smarter mobile devices that are more aware of its
owner's location and preferences". The early intentions of the company
were to develop an advanced operating system for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital
cameras</a>, when it was realised that the market for the devices was not large
enough, and diverted their efforts to producing a smartphone operating system
to rival those of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbian" title="Symbian">Symbian</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Mobile" title="Windows Mobile">Windows
Mobile</a> (Apple's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a> had not been released at the time). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Despite the past accomplishments of the
founders and early employees, Android Inc. operated secretly, revealing only
that it was working on software for mobile phones. That same year, Rubin ran
out of money. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Perlman" title="Steve Perlman">Steve Perlman</a>, a close friend of Rubin, brought him
$10,000 in cash in an envelope and refused a stake in the company.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> acquired Android Inc. on August 17, 2005, making it a
wholly owned subsidiary of Google. Key employees of Android Inc., including
Rubin, Miner and White, stayed at the company after the acquisition. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Not much was known about Android Inc. at the
time, but many assumed that Google was planning to enter the mobile phone
market with this move. At Google, the team led by Rubin developed a mobile
device platform powered by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux
kernel</a>. Google marketed the platform to handset makers and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_network_operator" title="Mobile network operator">carriers</a> on the promise of providing a
flexible, upgradable system. Google had lined up a series of hardware component
and software partners and signaled to carriers that it was open to various
degrees of cooperation on their part.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_%28operating_system%29#cite_note-EngadgetMobileOS-35">[35]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_%28operating_system%29#cite_note-WSJ-36">[36]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_%28operating_system%29#cite_note-DT-37">[37]</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Speculation about Google's intention to enter
the mobile communications market continued to build through December 2006. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Reports from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal" title="Wall Street Journal">Wall Street Journal</a> noted that Google wanted
its search and applications on mobile phones and it was working hard to deliver
that. Print and online media outlets soon reported rumors that Google was
developing a Google-branded <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handset#Telephony" title="Handset">handset</a>.
Some speculated that as Google was defining technical specifications, it was
showing prototypes to cell phone manufacturers and network operators. In
September 2007, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InformationWeek" title="InformationWeek">InformationWeek</a> covered an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evalueserve" title="Evalueserve">Evalueserve</a>
study reporting that Google had filed several patent applications in the area
of mobile telephony.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">On November 5, 2007, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Handset_Alliance" title="Open Handset Alliance">Open Handset Alliance</a>, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consortium" title="Consortium">consortium</a>
of technology companies including Google, device manufacturers such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTC" title="HTC">HTC</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a>,
wireless carriers such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprint_Nextel" title="Sprint Nextel">Sprint Nextel</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Mobile" title="T-Mobile">T-Mobile</a>, and
chipset makers such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualcomm" title="Qualcomm">Qualcomm</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Instruments" title="Texas Instruments">Texas
Instruments</a>, unveiled itself, with a goal to develop <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_standard" title="Open standard">open
standards</a> for mobile devices. That day, Android was unveiled as its first
product, a mobile device <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">platform</a> built on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux
kernel</a> version 2.6. The first commercially available phone to run Android
was the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTC_Dream" title="HTC Dream">HTC
Dream</a>, released on October 22, 2008.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Since 2008, Android has seen <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_version_history" title="Android version history">numerous updates</a> which have incrementally
improved the operating system, adding new features and fixing bugs in previous
releases. Each major release is named in alphabetical order after a dessert or
sugary treat; for example, version 1.5 Cupcake was followed by 1.6 Donut. The
latest release is 4.2 Jelly Bean. In 2010, Google launched its <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Nexus" title="Google Nexus">Nexus</a>
series of devices—a line of smartphones and tablets running the Android
operating system, and built by a manufacturer partner. HTC collaborated with
Google to release the first Nexus smartphone, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexus_One" title="Nexus One">Nexus One</a>.
The series has since been updated with newer devices, such as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexus_4" title="Nexus 4">Nexus 4</a>
phone and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexus_10" title="Nexus 10">Nexus 10</a>
tablet, made by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LG" title="LG">LG</a> and
Samsung, respectively. Google releases the Nexus phones and tablets to act as
their <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagship#Flagship_as_metaphor" title="Flagship">flagship</a> Android devices, demonstrating Android's latest
software and hardware features.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">On 13 March 2013, it was announced by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Page" title="Larry Page">Larry Page</a>
in a blog post that Andy Rubin had moved from the Android division to take on
new projects at Google. He was replaced by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundar_Pichai" title="Sundar Pichai">Sundar
Pichai</a>, who also continues his role as the head of Google's Chrome
division, which develops <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Chrome_OS" title="Google Chrome OS">Chrome
OS</a>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Interface</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android's user interface is based on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_manipulation_interface" title="Direct manipulation interface">direct manipulation</a>, using touch
inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions, like swiping, tapping,
pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The response to user input is designed to be
immediate and provides a fluid touch interface, often using the vibration
capabilities of the device to provide <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haptic_feedback" title="Haptic feedback">haptic
feedback</a> to the user. Internal hardware such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerometer" title="Accelerometer">accelerometers</a>,
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyroscope" title="Gyroscope">gyroscopes</a>
and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proximity_sensor" title="Proximity sensor">proximity sensors</a> are used by some applications to
respond to additional user actions, for example adjusting the screen from
portrait to landscape depending on how the device is oriented, or allowing the
user to steer a vehicle in a racing game by rotating the device, simulating
control of a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering_wheel" title="Steering wheel">steering wheel</a>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android devices boot to the homescreen, the
primary navigation and information point on the device, which is similar to the
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_metaphor" title="Desktop metaphor">desktop</a> found on PCs. Android homescreens are
typically made up of app icons and widgets; app icons launch the associated
app, whereas widgets display live, auto-updating content such as the weather
forecast, the user's email inbox, or a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_ticker" title="News ticker">news
ticker</a> directly on the homescreen. A homescreen may be made up of several
pages that the user can swipe back and forth between, though Android's
homescreen interface is heavily customisable, allowing the user to adjust the
look and feel of the device to their tastes. Third party apps available on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Play" title="Google Play">Google
Play</a> and other app stores can extensively re-<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theme_%28computing%29" title="Theme (computing)">theme</a> the homescreen, and even mimic the look of
other operating systems, such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Phone" title="Windows Phone">Windows
Phone</a>. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Most manufacturers, and some <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone_operator" title="Mobile phone operator">wireless carriers</a>, customise the look and
feel of their Android devices to differentiate themselves from their
competitors.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_%28operating_system%29#cite_note-49">[49]</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Present along the top of the screen is a
status bar, showing information about the device and its connectivity. This status
bar can be "pulled" down to reveal a notification screen where apps
display important information or updates, such as a newly received email or SMS
text, in a way that does not immediately interrupt or inconvenience the user. In
early versions of Android these notifications could be tapped to open the
relevant app, but recent updates have provided enhanced functionality, such as
the ability to call a number back directly from the missed call notification
without having to open the dialer app first. Notifications are persistent until
read or dismissed by the user.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">APPLICATIONS</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android has a growing selection of third
party applications, which can be acquired by users either through an app store
such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Play" title="Google Play">Google
Play</a> or the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Appstore" title="Amazon Appstore">Amazon Appstore</a>, or by downloading and installing
the application's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APK_%28file_format%29" title="APK (file format)">APK</a> file from a third-party site. The Play Store
application allows users to browse, download and update apps published by
Google and third-party developers, and is pre-installed on devices that comply
with Google's compatibility requirements. The app filters the list of available
applications to those that are compatible with the user's device, and
developers may restrict their applications to particular carriers or countries
for business reasons. Purchases of unwanted applications can be refunded within
15 minutes of the time of download, and some carriers offer direct carrier
billing for Google Play application purchases, where the cost of the
application is added to the user's monthly bill. As of September 2012, there
were more than 675,000 apps available for Android, and the estimated number of
applications downloaded from the Play Store was 25 billion.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Applications are developed in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_%28programming_language%29" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> language using the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_software_development" title="Android software development">Android software development</a> kit
(SDK). The SDK includes a comprehensive set of development tools, including a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debugger" title="Debugger">debugger</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_library" title="Software library">software
libraries</a>, a handset <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulator" title="Emulator">emulator</a> based on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QEMU" title="QEMU">QEMU</a>, documentation,
sample code, and tutorials. The officially supported <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">integrated development environment</a>
(IDE) is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipse_%28software%29" title="Eclipse (software)">Eclipse</a> using the Android Development Tools
(ADT) plugin. Other development tools are available, including a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_development_kit" title="Native development kit">Native Development Kit</a> for applications or
extensions in C or C++, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_App_Inventor" title="Google App Inventor">Google App Inventor</a>, a visual environment for
novice programmers, and various <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_phone_web_based_application_framework" title="Multiple phone web based application framework">cross platform mobile
web applications frameworks</a>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">In order to work around limitations on
reaching Google services due to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Internet censorship in the People's Republic of China">Internet
censorship in the People's Republic of China</a>, Android devices sold in the
PRC are generally customized to use state approved services instead.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_%28operating_system%29#cite_note-59">[59]</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Development</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android is developed in private by Google
until the latest changes and updates are ready to be released, at which point
the source code is made available publicly. This source code will only run
without modification on select devices, usually the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Nexus" title="Google Nexus">Nexus</a>
series of devices. With others, there are proprietary <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binaries" title="Binaries">binaries</a> which
have to be provided by the manufacturer in order for Android to work.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Linux</span></div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Android-System-Architecture.svg"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Android-System-Architecture.svg/220px-Android-System-Architecture.svg.png" border="0" height="385" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.gif" width="665" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Android-System-Architecture.svg" title=""Enlarge" "><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="https://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf5/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" border="0" height="11" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.gif" width="15" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">ARCHITECTURE DIAGRAM</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android consists of a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_%28computing%29" title="Kernel (computing)">kernel</a> based on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux
kernel</a> version 2.6 and, from Android 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich onwards,
version 3.x, with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middleware" title="Middleware">middleware</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_library" title="Software library">libraries</a>
and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_programming_interface" title="Application programming interface">APIs</a> written in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_%28programming_language%29" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_software" title="Application software">application software</a> running on an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_framework" title="Application framework">application framework</a> which includes
Java-compatible libraries based on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Harmony" title="Apache Harmony">Apache
Harmony</a>. Android uses the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalvik_%28software%29" title="Dalvik (software)">Dalvik virtual machine</a> with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just-in-time_compilation" title="Just-in-time compilation">just-in-time compilation</a> to run Dalvik
'dex-code' (Dalvik Executable), which is usually translated from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_bytecode" title="Java bytecode">Java
bytecode</a>. The main hardware platform for Android is the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_architecture" title="ARM architecture">ARM
architecture</a>. There is support for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86</a> from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android-x86" title="Android-x86">Android-x86</a>
project,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_%28operating_system%29#cite_note-ARMAN-4.0-on-x86-9">[9]</a>
and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_TV" title="Google TV">Google
TV</a> uses a special x86 version of Android. In 2013, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freescale" title="Freescale">Freescale</a>
announced Android on its <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I.MX" title="I.MX">i.MX</a> processor, i.MX5X and i.MX6X series.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_%28operating_system%29#cite_note-freescale1-10">[10]</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android's Linux kernel has further
architecture changes by Google outside the typical Linux kernel development
cycle. Android does not have a native <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Window_System" title="X Window System">X
Window System</a> by default nor does it support the full set of standard <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a> libraries, and this
makes it difficult to port existing Linux applications or libraries to Android.
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Support for simple C and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_DirectMedia_Layer" title="Simple DirectMedia Layer">SDL</a> applications is possible by injection
of a small Java <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shim_%28computing%29" title="Shim (computing)">shim</a> and usage of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JNI" title="JNI">JNI</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_%28operating_system%29#cite_note-sdlandroid-66">[66]</a>
like, for example, in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagged_Alliance_2" title="Jagged Alliance 2">Jagged
Alliance 2</a> port for Android.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Certain features that Google contributed back
to the Linux kernel, notably a power management feature called
"wakelocks", were rejected by mainline kernel developers partly
because they felt that Google did not show any intent to maintain its own code.
Google announced in April 2010 that they would hire two employees to work with
the Linux kernel community, but <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Kroah-Hartman" title="Greg Kroah-Hartman">Greg Kroah-Hartman</a>, the current Linux kernel maintainer
for the stable branch, said in December 2010 that he was concerned that Google
was no longer trying to get their code changes included in mainstream Linux.
Some Google Android developers hinted that "the Android team was getting
fed up with the process," because they were a small team and had more
urgent work to do on Android.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">In August 2011, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Linus
Torvalds</a> said that "eventually Android and Linux would come back to a
common kernel, but it will probably not be for four to five years". In
December 2011, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Kroah-Hartman" title="Greg Kroah-Hartman">Greg Kroah-Hartman</a> announced the start of the
Android Mainlining Project, which aims to put some Android <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">drivers</a>,
patches and features back into the Linux kernel, starting in Linux 3.3. Linux
included the autosleep and wakelocks capabilities in the 3.5 kernel, after many
previous attempts at merger. The interfaces are the same but the upstream Linux
implementation allows for two different suspend modes: to memory (the
traditional suspend that Android uses), and to disk (hibernate, as it is known
on the desktop). The merger will be complete starting with Kernel 3.8, Google
has opened a public code repository that contains their experimental work to
re-base Android off Kernel 3.8.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_storage" title="Flash storage">flash
storage</a> on Android devices is split into several partitions, such as
"/system" for the operating system itself and "/data" for user
data and app installations. In contrast to desktop Linux distributions, Android
device owners are not given <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superuser" title="Superuser">root</a> access to the operating system and sensitive
partitions such as /systems are <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read-only_memory" title="Read-only memory">read-only</a>.
However, root access can be obtained by exploiting <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulnerability_%28computing%29" title="Vulnerability (computing)">security flaws</a> in Android, which is used
frequently by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_%28operating_system%29#Open_source_community">open
source community</a> to enhance the capabilities of their devices, but also by
malicious parties to install <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_virus" title="Computer virus">viruses</a>
and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malware" title="Malware">malware</a>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Whether or not Android counts as a Linux
distribution is a widely debated topic, with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_Foundation" title="Linux Foundation">Linux
Foundation</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_DiBona" title="Chris DiBona">Chris DiBona</a>, Google's open source chief, in favour.
Others, such as Google engineer Patrick Brady disagree, noting the lack of
support for many GNU tools, including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glibc" title="Glibc">glibc</a>, in Android.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Memory management</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Since Android devices are usually
battery-powered, Android is designed to manage memory (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random-access_memory" title="Random-access memory">RAM</a>) to keep power consumption at a minimum,
in contrast to desktop operating systems which generally assume they are
connected to unlimited <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricity" title="Mains electricity">mains electricity</a>. When an Android app is no
longer in use, the system will automatically suspend it in memory - while the
app is still technically "open," suspended apps consume no resources
(e.g. battery power or processing power) and sit idly in the background until
needed again. This has the dual benefit of increasing the general responsiveness
of Android devices, since apps don't need to be closed and reopened from
scratch each time, but also ensuring background apps don't waste power
needlessly.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android manages the apps stored in memory
automatically: when memory is low, the system will begin killing apps and
processes that have been inactive for a while, in reverse order since they were
last used (i.e. oldest first). This process is designed to be invisible to the
user, such that users do not need to manage memory or the killing of apps
themselves. However, confusion over Android memory management has resulted in
third-party task killers becoming popular on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Play" title="Google Play">Google
Play</a> store; these third-party task killers are generally regarded as doing
more harm than good.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Update schedule</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:G1,_Nexus_One,_Nexus_S,_Galaxy_Nexus.jpg"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/G1%2C_Nexus_One%2C_Nexus_S%2C_Galaxy_Nexus.jpg/200px-G1%2C_Nexus_One%2C_Nexus_S%2C_Galaxy_Nexus.jpg" border="0" height="102" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image004.jpg" width="200" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:G1,_Nexus_One,_Nexus_S,_Galaxy_Nexus.jpg" title=""Enlarge" "><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="https://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf5/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" border="0" height="11" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.gif" width="15" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">From left to right: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTC_Dream" title="HTC Dream">HTC Dream (G1)</a>,
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexus_One" title="Nexus One">Nexus One</a>,
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexus_S" title="Nexus S">Nexus S</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy_Nexus" title="Galaxy Nexus">Galaxy
Nexus</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">See also: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_version_history" title="Android version history">Android version history</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Google provides major updates, incremental in
nature, to Android every six to nine months, which most devices are capable of
receiving <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over-the-air_programming" title="Over-the-air programming">over the air</a>. The latest major update is
Android 4.2 Jelly Bean.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Compared to its chief rival mobile operating
system, namely <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a>,
Android updates are typically slow to reach actual devices. For devices not
under the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Nexus" title="Google Nexus">Nexus</a> brand, updates often arrive months from the time
the given version is officially released. This is caused partly due to the
extensive variation in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">hardware</a> of Android devices, to which each update
must be specifically tailored, as the official Google source code only runs on
their flagship <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Nexus" title="Google Nexus">Nexus</a> devices. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porting" title="Porting">Porting</a> Android
to specific hardware is a time- and resource-consuming process for device
manufacturers, who prioritize their newest devices and often leave older ones
behind. Hence, older smartphones are frequently not updated if the manufacturer
decides it is not worth their time, regardless of whether the phone is capable
of running the update. This problem is compounded when manufacturers customize
Android with their own interface and apps, which must be reapplied to each new
release. Additional delays can be introduced by wireless carriers who, after
receiving updates from manufacturers, further customize and brand Android to
their needs and conduct extensive testing on their networks before sending the
update out to users.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The lack of after-sale support from
manufacturers and carriers has been widely criticised by consumer groups and
the technology media. Some commentators have noted that the industry has a
financial incentive not to update their devices, as the lack of updates for
existing devices fuels the purchase of newer ones, an attitude described as
"insulting". <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> has complained that the complicated
method of distribution for updates is only complicated because manufacturers
and carriers have designed it that way. In 2011, Google partnered with a number
of industry players to announce an "Android Update Alliance",
pledging to deliver timely updates for every device for 18 months after its
release. As of 2013, this alliance has never been mentioned since.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">OPEN SOURCE COMMUNITY</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android has an active community of developers
and enthusiasts who use the Android source code to develop and distribute their
own modified versions of the operating system. These community-developed
releases often bring new features and updates to devices faster than through
the official manufacturer/carrier channels, albeit without as extensive testing
or quality assurance; provide continued support for older devices that no
longer receive official updates; or bring Android to devices that were
officially released running other operating systems, such as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP_TouchPad" title="HP TouchPad">HP
TouchPad</a>. Community releases often come pre-<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_rooting" title="Android rooting">rooted</a>
and contain modifications unsuitable for non-technical users, such as the
ability to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overclock" title="Overclock">overclock</a>
or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_voltage_scaling" title="Dynamic voltage scaling">over/undervolt</a> the device's processor. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CyanogenMod" title="CyanogenMod">CyanogenMod</a>
is the most widely used community firmware, and acts as a foundation for
numerous others.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Historically, device manufacturers and mobile
carriers have typically been unsupportive of third-party <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmware" title="Firmware">firmware</a>
development. Manufacturers express concern about improper functioning of
devices running unofficial software and the support costs resulting from this.
Moreover, modified firmwares such as CyanogenMod sometimes offer features, such
as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tethering" title="Tethering">tethering</a>,
for which carriers would otherwise charge a premium. As a result, technical
obstacles including locked <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootloader" title="Bootloader">bootloaders</a> and restricted access to root permissions are
common in many devices. However, as community-developed software has grown more
popular, and following a statement by the Librarian of Congress in the United
States that permits the "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS_jailbreaking" title="IOS jailbreaking">jailbreaking</a>"
of mobile devices, manufacturers and carriers have softened their position
regarding third party development, with some, including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTC" title="HTC">HTC</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola" title="Motorola">Motorola</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Mobile_Communications" title="Sony Mobile Communications">Sony</a>, providing support and encouraging
development. As a result of this, over time the need to circumvent <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware_restrictions" title="Hardware restrictions">hardware restrictions</a> to install unofficial
firmware has lessened as an increasing number of devices are shipped with
unlocked or unlockable <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootloader" title="Bootloader">bootloaders</a>, similar to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Nexus" title="Google Nexus">Nexus</a>
series of phones, although usually requiring that users waive their devices'
warranties to do so. However, despite manufacturer acceptance, some carriers in
the US still require that phones are locked down.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The unlocking and "hackability" of
smartphones and tablets remains a source of tension between the community and
industry, with the community arguing that unofficial development is
increasingly important given the failure of industry to provide timely updates
and/or continued support to their devices.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">SECURITY AND PRIVACY</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android applications run in a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandbox_%28computer_security%29" title="Sandbox (computer security)">sandbox</a>, an isolated area of the system
that does not have access to the rest of the system's resources, unless access
permissions are explicitly granted by the user when the application is
installed. Before installing an application, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Play" title="Google Play">Play Store</a>
displays all required permissions: a game may need to enable vibration or save
data to an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SD_card" title="SD card">SD
card</a>, for example, but should not need to read SMS messages or access the
phonebook. After reviewing these permissions, the user can choose to accept or
refuse them, installing the application only if they accept.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The sandboxing and permissions system lessens
the impact of vulnerabilities and bugs in applications, but developer confusion
and limited documentation has resulted in applications routinely requesting
unnecessary permissions, reducing its effectiveness. Several security firms,
such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lookout_Mobile_Security" title="Lookout Mobile Security">Lookout Mobile Security</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AVG_Technologies" title="AVG Technologies">AVG
Technologies</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McAfee" title="McAfee">McAfee</a>, have released antivirus software for Android devices.
This software is ineffective as sandboxing also applies to such applications,
limiting their ability to scan the deeper system for threats.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Research from security company <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trend_Micro" title="Trend Micro">Trend
Micro</a> lists premium service abuse as the most common type of Android
malware, where text messages are sent from infected phones to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premium-rate_telephone_number" title="Premium-rate telephone number">premium-rate telephone numbers</a>
without the consent or even knowledge of the user. Other malware displays
unwanted and intrusive adverts on the device, or sends personal information to
unauthorised third parties. Security threats on Android are reportedly growing
exponentially; however, Google engineers have argued that the malware and virus
threat on Android is being exaggerated by security companies for commercial
reasons, and have accused the security industry of playing on fears to sell
virus protection software to users. Google maintains that dangerous malware is
actually extremely rare, and a survey conducted by F-Secure showed that only
0.5% of Android malware reported had come from the Google Play store.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Google currently uses their <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Bouncer" title="Google Bouncer">Google
Bouncer</a> malware scanner to watch over and scan the Google Play store apps.
It is intended to flag up suspicious apps and warn users of any potential issues
with an application before they download it. Android version 4.2 Jelly Bean was
released in 2012 with enhanced security features, including a malware scanner
built into the system, which works in combination with Google Play but can scan
apps installed from third party sources as well, and an alert system which
notifies the user when an app tries to send a premium-rate text message,
blocking the message unless the user explicitly authorises it.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android smartphones have the ability to
report the location of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a> access points, encountered as phone users move around, to
build databases containing the physical locations of hundreds of millions of
such access points. These databases form electronic maps to locate smartphones,
allowing them to run apps like <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foursquare" title="Foursquare">Foursquare</a>,
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Latitude" title="Google Latitude">Google
Latitude</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook_Places" title="Facebook Places">Facebook Places</a>, and to deliver location-based ads.
Third party monitoring software such as TaintDroid, an academic research-funded
project, can, in some cases, detect when personal information is being sent
from applications to remote servers.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The open source nature of Android allows
security contractors to take existing devices and adapt them for highly secure
uses. For example Samsung has worked with General Dynamics through their <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Kernel_Labs" title="Open Kernel Labs">Open
Kernel Labs</a> acquisition to rebuild Jelly Bean on top of their hardened
microvisor for the "Knox" project.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Licensing</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source
code</a> for Android is available under <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">free and open-source software</a>
licenses. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>
publishes most of the code (including network and telephony <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solution_stack" title="Solution stack">stacks</a>)
under the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_License" title="Apache License">Apache License</a> version 2.0, and the rest, Linux
kernel changes, under the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</a> version 2.
The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Handset_Alliance" title="Open Handset Alliance">Open Handset Alliance</a> develops the changes to
the Linux kernel, in public, with source code publicly available at all times.
The rest of Android is developed in private by Google, with source code
released publicly when a new version is released. Typically Google collaborates
with a hardware manufacturer to produce a 'flagship' device (part of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Nexus" title="Google Nexus">Google
Nexus</a> series) featuring the new version of Android, then makes the source
code available after that device has been released.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">In early 2011, Google chose to temporarily
withhold the Android source code to the tablet-only 3.0 Honeycomb release. The
reason, according to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Rubin" title="Andy Rubin">Andy Rubin</a> in an official Android blog post, was because
Honeycomb was rushed for production of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_Xoom" title="Motorola Xoom">Motorola
Xoom</a>, and they did not want third parties creating a "really bad user
experience" by attempting to put onto smartphones a version of Android
intended for tablets. The source code was once again made available in November
2011 with the release of Android 4.0.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Even though the software is open-source,
device manufacturers cannot use Google's Android trademark unless Google
certifies that the device complies with their Compatibility Definition Document
(CDD). Devices must also meet this definition to be eligible to license
Google's closed-source applications, including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Play" title="Google Play">Google
Play</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a> have been
critical of Android and have recommended the usage of alternatives such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replicant_%28operating_system%29" title="Replicant (operating system)">Replicant</a>, because drivers and
firmware vital for the proper functioning of Android devices are usually
proprietary, and because Google Play allows <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">non-free</a> software.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Reception</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android received a lukewarm reaction when it
was unveiled in 2007. Although analysts were impressed with the respected
technology companies that had partnered with Google to form the Open Handset
Alliance, it was unclear whether mobile phone manufacturers would be willing to
replace their existing operating systems with Android. The idea of an open
source, Linux-based <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">development platform</a> sparked interest, but there
were additional worries about Android facing strong competition from
established players in the smartphone market, such as Nokia and Microsoft, and
rival Linux mobile operating systems that were in development. These
established players were skeptical: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia" title="Nokia">Nokia</a> was quoted as
saying "we don't see this as a threat," and a member of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>'s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Mobile" title="Windows Mobile">Windows
Mobile</a> team stated "I don't understand the impact that they are going
to have."</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Since then Android has grown to become the
most widely used smartphone operating system and "one of the fastest
mobile experiences available." Reviewers have highlighted the open source
nature of the operating system as one of its defining strengths, allowing
companies such as Amazon (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindle_Fire" title="Kindle Fire">Kindle Fire</a>), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble" title="Barnes & Noble">Barnes
& Noble</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble_Nook" title="Barnes & Noble Nook">Nook</a>), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouya" title="Ouya">Ouya</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baidu" title="Baidu">Baidu</a>, and others to
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fork_%28software_development%29" title="Fork (software development)">fork</a> the software and release hardware
running their own customised version of Android. As a result, it has been
described by technology website <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars_Technica" title="Ars Technica">Ars
Technica</a> as "practically the default operating system for launching
new hardware" for companies without their own mobile platforms. This
openness and flexibility is also present at the level of the end user: Android
allows extensive customisation of devices by their owners and apps are freely
available from non-Google app stores and third party websites. These have been
cited as among the main advantages of Android phones over others.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Despite Android's popularity, including an
activation rate three times that of iOS, there have been reports that Google
has not been able to leverage their other products and web services
successfully to turn Android into the money maker that analysts had expected. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Verge" title="The Verge">The Verge</a>
suggested that Google is losing control of Android due to the extensive
customization and proliferation of non-Google apps and services - for instance
the Amazon <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindle_Fire" title="Kindle Fire">Kindle Fire</a> points users to the Amazon app store that
competes directly with the Google Play store. Google SVP <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Rubin" title="Andy Rubin">Andy Rubin</a>,
who was replaced as head of the Android division in March 2013, has been blamed
for failing to establish a lucrative partnership with cell phone makers. The
chief beneficiary of Android has been <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a>, whose <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy" title="Samsung Galaxy">Galaxy</a>
brand has surpassed that of Android in terms of brand recognition since 2011. Meanwhile
other Android manufacturers have struggled since 2011, such as LG, HTC, and
Google's own <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_Mobility" title="Motorola Mobility">Motorola Mobility</a> (whose partnership with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verizon_Wireless" title="Verizon Wireless">Verizon
Wireless</a> to push the "DROID" brand has faded since 2010).
Ironically, while Google directly earns nothing from the sale of each Android
device, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>
and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>
have successfully sued to extract patent royalty payments from Android handset
manufacturers.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tablets</span></div>
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<img border="0" height="300" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image006.jpg" width="638" /><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Despite its success on smartphones, initially
Android tablet adoption was slow. One of the main causes was the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_or_the_egg" title="Chicken or the egg">chicken or the egg</a> situation where consumers
were hesitant to buy an Android tablet due to a lack of high quality tablet
apps, but developers were hesitant to spend time and resources developing
tablet apps until there was a significant market for them. The content and app
"ecosystem" proved more important than hardware <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specification_%28technical_standard%29" title="Specification (technical standard)">specs</a> as the selling point for
tablets. Due to the lack of Android tablet-specific apps in 2011, early Android
tablets had to make do with existing smartphone apps that were ill-suited to
larger screen sizes, whereas the dominance of Apple's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPad" title="IPad">iPad</a> was reinforced by
the large number of tablet-specific <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> apps.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Despite app support in its infancy, a
considerable number of Android tablets (alongside those using other operating
systems, such as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP_TouchPad" title="HP TouchPad">HP TouchPad</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlackBerry_PlayBook" title="BlackBerry PlayBook">BlackBerry PlayBook</a>) were rushed out to market
in an attempt to capitalize on the success of the iPad. InfoWorld has suggested
that some Android manufacturers initially treated their first tablets as a
"Frankenphone business", a short-term low-investment opportunity by
placing a smartphone-optimized Android OS (before Android 3.0 Honeycomb for
tablets was available) on a device while neglecting user interface. This
approach, such as with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Streak" title="Dell Streak">Dell Streak</a>, failed to gain market traction with
consumers as well as damaging the early reputation of Android tablets.
Furthermore, several Android tablets such as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_Xoom" title="Motorola Xoom">Motorola
Xoom</a> were priced the same or higher than the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPad" title="IPad">iPad</a>, which hurt
sales. An exception was the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com" title="Amazon.com">Amazon</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindle_Fire" title="Kindle Fire">Kindle Fire</a>, which relied upon lower pricing as well as
access to Amazon's ecosystem of apps and content.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">This began to change in 2012 with the release
of the affordable <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexus_7" title="Nexus 7">Nexus 7</a> and a push by Google for developers to write better
tablet apps. Android tablet market share surpassed the iPad's in Q3 2012.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Market share and rate of adoption</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Research Company Canalys estimated in the
second quarter of 2009 that Android had a 2.8% share of worldwide <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphone</a>
shipments. By the fourth quarter of 2010 this had grown to 33% of the market,
becoming the top-selling smartphone platform. By the third quarter of 2011 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gartner" title="Gartner">Gartner</a>
estimated that more than half (52.5%) of the smartphone market belongs to
Android. By the third quarter of 2012 Android had a 75% share of the global
smartphone market according to the research firm IDC.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">In July 2011, Google said that 550,000 new
Android devices were being activated every day, up from 400,000 per day in May,
and more than 100 million devices had been activated with 4.4% growth per week.
In September 2012, 500 million devices had been activated with 1.3 million
activations per day. In May 2013, at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_I/O" title="Google I/O">Google I/O</a>,
Sundar Pichai announced that 900 million Android devices had been activated.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android market share varies by location. In
July 2012, Android's market share in the United States was 52%, and rose to 90%
in China.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Usage share of Android versions</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Android_chart.png"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Android_chart.png/251px-Android_chart.png" border="0" height="246" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image008.gif" width="640" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Usage share of the different versions
collected during a 14-day period ending on May 1, 2013</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Usage share of the different versions as of
June 3, 2013.</span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<thead>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Version</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Code name</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Release date</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_programming_interface" title="Application programming interface">API</a> level</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Distribution (May 1, 2013)</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelly_Bean_%28operating_system%29" title="Jelly Bean (operating system)">4.2.x</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelly_Bean_%28operating_system%29" title="Jelly Bean (operating system)">Jelly Bean</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">November 13, 2012</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">17</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">4.0%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelly_Bean_%28operating_system%29" title="Jelly Bean (operating system)">4.1.x</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelly_Bean_%28operating_system%29" title="Jelly Bean (operating system)">Jelly Bean</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">July 9, 2012</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">16</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">29.0%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Cream_Sandwich_%28operating_system%29" title="Ice Cream Sandwich (operating system)">4.0.x</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Cream_Sandwich_%28operating_system%29" title="Ice Cream Sandwich (operating system)">Ice Cream Sandwich</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">December 16, 2011</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">15</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">25.6%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeycomb_%28operating_system%29" title="Honeycomb (operating system)">3.2</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeycomb_%28operating_system%29" title="Honeycomb (operating system)">Honeycomb</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">July 15, 2011</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">13</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">0.1%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeycomb_%28operating_system%29" title="Honeycomb (operating system)">3.1</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeycomb_%28operating_system%29" title="Honeycomb (operating system)">Honeycomb</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">May 10, 2011</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">12</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_2.3" title="Android 2.3">2.3.3–2.3.7</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_2.3" title="Android 2.3">Gingerbread</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">February 9, 2011</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">10</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">36.4%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_2.3" title="Android 2.3">2.3–2.3.2</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_2.3" title="Android 2.3">Gingerbread</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">December 6, 2010</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">9</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">0.1%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Froyo" title="Android Froyo">2.2</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Froyo" title="Android Froyo">Froyo</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">May 20, 2010</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">8</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3.2%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_version_history#Android_2.0.2C_2.1_Eclair" title="Android version history">2.0–2.1</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89clair_%28operating_system%29" title="Éclair (operating system)">Eclair</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">October 26, 2009</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">7</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1.5%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donut_%28operating_system%29" title="Donut (operating system)">1.6</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donut_%28operating_system%29" title="Donut (operating system)">Donut</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">September 15, 2009</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">4</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">0.1%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 11; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1.5</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Cupcake</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">April 30, 2009</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><br /></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Application piracy</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">There has been some concern about the ease
with which paid Android apps can be <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_infringement_of_software" title="Copyright infringement of software">pirated</a>. In a May 2012 interview
with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurogamer" title="Eurogamer">Eurogamer</a>,
the developers of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Manager" title="Football Manager">Football Manager</a> stated that the ratio of pirated
players vs legitimate players was 9:1 for their game Football Manager Handheld.
However, not every developer agreed that piracy rates were an issue; for
example, in July 2012 the developers of the game Wind-up Knight said that
piracy levels of their game were only 12%, and most of the piracy came from
China, where people cannot purchase apps from Google Play.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">In 2010, Google released a tool for
validating authorised purchases for use within apps, but developers complained
that this was insufficient and trivial to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_cracking" title="Software cracking">crack</a>.
Google responded that the tool, especially its initial release, was intended as
a sample framework for developers to modify and build upon depending on their
needs, not as a finished security solution. In 2012 Google released a feature
in Android 4.1 that encrypted paid applications so that they would only work on
the device on which they were purchased, but this feature has been temporarily
deactivated due to technical issues.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Copyrights and patents</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Further information: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_v._Google" title="Oracle v. Google">Oracle
v. Google</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone_wars" title="Smartphone wars">Smartphone wars</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent_troll" title="Patent troll">Patent
troll</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Both Android and Android phone manufacturers
have been involved in numerous patent lawsuits. On August 12, 2010, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle</a> sued Google over claimed infringement of
copyrights and patents related to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_%28programming_language%29" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> programming language. Oracle
originally sought damages up to $6.1 billion, but this valuation was rejected
by a United States federal judge who asked Oracle to revise the estimate. In
response, Google submitted multiple lines of defense, counterclaiming that
Android did not infringe on Oracle's patents or copyright, that Oracle's
patents were invalid, and several other defenses. They said that Android is
based on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Harmony" title="Apache Harmony">Apache Harmony</a>, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_room_design" title="Clean room design">clean
room</a> implementation of the Java class libraries, and an independently
developed virtual machine called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalvik_%28software%29" title="Dalvik (software)">Dalvik</a>. In May 2012 the jury in this case found
that Google did not infringe on Oracle's patents, and the trial judge ruled
that the structure of the Java APIs used by Google was not copyrightable.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">In addition to lawsuits against Google
directly, various <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxy_war" title="Proxy war">proxy wars</a> have been waged against Android indirectly by
targeting manufacturers of Android devices, with the effect of discouraging
manufacturers from adopting the platform by increasing the costs of bringing an
Android device to market. Both <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>
and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>
have sued several manufacturers for patent infringement, with Apple's ongoing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc._v._Samsung_Electronics_Co.,_Ltd." title="Apple Inc. v. Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.">legal action against
Samsung</a> being a particularly high-profile case. In October 2011 Microsoft
said they had signed patent license agreements with ten Android device
manufacturers, whose products account for 55% of the worldwide revenue for
Android devices. These include <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTC" title="HTC">HTC</a>. Samsung's patent settlement with Microsoft includes an
agreement that Samsung will allocate more resources to developing and marketing
phones running Microsoft's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Phone" title="Windows Phone">Windows Phone</a> operating system.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Google has publicly expressed its frustration
for the current patent landscape in the United States, accusing Apple, Oracle
and Microsoft of trying to take down Android through patent litigation, rather
than innovating and competing with better products and services. In 2011–12,
Google purchased <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_Mobility" title="Motorola Mobility">Motorola Mobility</a> for US$12.5 billion, which was
viewed in part as a defensive measure to protect Android, since Motorola
Mobility held more than 17,000 patents. In December 2011 Google bought over a
thousand patents from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">BEYOND SMARTPHONES AND TABLETS</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SmartWatch_MN2_auf_der_Internationalen_Funkausstellung_2012_in_Berlin_1_PD.JPG"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/SmartWatch_MN2_auf_der_Internationalen_Funkausstellung_2012_in_Berlin_1_PD.JPG/150px-SmartWatch_MN2_auf_der_Internationalen_Funkausstellung_2012_in_Berlin_1_PD.JPG" border="0" height="227" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image010.jpg" width="498" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The open and customizable nature of Android
allows it to be used on other electronics, including laptops and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netbook" title="Netbook">netbooks</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartbook" title="Smartbook">smartbooks</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_TV" title="Smart TV">smart TVs</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_TV" title="Google TV">Google TV</a>)
and cameras (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikon_Coolpix_S800c" title="Nikon Coolpix S800c">Nikon Coolpix S800c</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy_Camera" title="Galaxy Camera">Galaxy
Camera</a>). In addition, the Android operating system has seen applications on
smart glasses (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Glass" title="Google Glass">Google Glass</a>), wristwatches, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headphones" title="Headphones">headphones</a>,
car CD and DVD players, mirrors, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_media_player" title="Portable media player">portable media players</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landline" title="Landline">landlines</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VoIP_phone" title="VoIP phone">Voice over
IP phones</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouya" title="Ouya">Ouya</a>,
an upcoming videogames console running Android, became one of the most
successful <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kickstarter" title="Kickstarter">Kickstarter</a> campaigns, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowdfunding" title="Crowdfunding">crowdfunding</a>
US$8.5m for its development, and was later followed by other Android-based
video games consoles such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Shield" title="Project Shield">Project
Shield</a> from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nvidia" title="Nvidia">Nvidia</a>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">In 2011, Google demonstrated
"Android@Home", a new home automaton technology which uses Android to
control a range of household devices including light switches, power sockets
and thermostats. Prototype light bulbs were announced that could be controlled
from an Android phone or tablet, but Android head Andy Rubin was cautious to
note that "turning a lightbulb on and off is nothing new," pointing
to numerous failed home automation services. Google, he said, was thinking more
ambitiously and the intention was to use their position as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">cloud</a>
services provider to bring Google products into customers' homes.</span></div>
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<![endif]--><br />SHOBUFF TECHNICAL COMPANY (SHOBTECH)http://www.blogger.com/profile/12751760050921332688noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4796030013467592005.post-23468032510879641182013-06-05T19:02:00.001+01:002013-06-05T19:02:02.879+01:00GENESIS OF ANDROIDS OPERATING SYSTEM<!--[if !mso]>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>-based <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_operating_system" title="Mobile operating system">operating system</a> designed primarily for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touchscreen" title="Touchscreen">touchscreen</a>
mobile devices such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">tablet
computers</a>. Initially developed by Android, Inc., which <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> backed
financially and later bought in 2005, Android was unveiled in 2007 along with
the founding of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Handset_Alliance" title="Open Handset Alliance">Open Handset Alliance</a>: a consortium of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">hardware</a>,
software, and telecommunication companies devoted to advancing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_standard" title="Open standard">open
standards</a> for mobile devices. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTC_Dream" title="HTC Dream">first
Android-powered phone</a> was sold in October 2008.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source">open
source</a> and Google releases the code under the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_License" title="Apache License">Apache
License</a>. This open source code and permissive licensing allows the software
to be freely modified and distributed by device manufacturers, wireless
carriers and enthusiast developers. Additionally, Android has a large community
of developers writing applications ("<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_app" title="Mobile app">apps</a>")
that extend the functionality of devices, written primarily in a customized
version of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_%28programming_language%29" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> programming language. In October
2012, there were approximately 700,000 apps available for Android, and the
estimated number of applications downloaded from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Play" title="Google Play">Google Play</a>,
Android's primary app store, was 25 billion.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">These factors have contributed towards making
Android the world's most widely used smartphone platform, overtaking <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbian" title="Symbian">Symbian</a> in the
fourth quarter of 2010, and the software of choice for technology companies who
require a low-cost, customizable, lightweight operating system for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_tech" title="High tech">high tech</a>
devices without developing one from scratch. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As a result, despite being primarily designed
for phones and tablets, it has seen additional applications on televisions, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Games_console" title="Games console">games
consoles</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital cameras</a> and other electronics. Android's
open nature has further encouraged a large community of developers and
enthusiasts to use the open source code as a foundation for community-driven
projects, which add new features for advanced users or bring Android to devices
which were officially released running other operating systems.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android had a worldwide smartphone market
share of 75% during the third quarter of 2012, with 750 million devices activated
in total and 1.5 million activations per day. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The operating system's success has made it a
target for patent litigation as part of the so-called "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone_wars" title="Smartphone wars">smartphone
wars</a>" between technology companies. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As of May 2013, a total of 900 million Android
devices have been activated and 48 billion apps have been installed from the
Google Play store. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 28.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">HISTORY</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android, Inc. was founded in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_Alto,_California" title="Palo Alto, California">Palo Alto, California</a> in October 2003 by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Rubin" title="Andy Rubin">Andy Rubin</a>
(co-founder of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danger_%28company%29" title="Danger (company)">Danger</a>), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Miner" title="Rich Miner">Rich Miner</a>
(co-founder of Wildfire Communications, Inc.), Nick Sears <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(once VP at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Mobile_USA" title="T-Mobile USA">T-Mobile</a>),
and Chris White (headed design and interface development at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebTV" title="WebTV">WebTV</a>) to develop,
in Rubin's words "smarter mobile devices that are more aware of its
owner's location and preferences". The early intentions of the company
were to develop an advanced operating system for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital
cameras</a>, when it was realised that the market for the devices was not large
enough, and diverted their efforts to producing a smartphone operating system
to rival those of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbian" title="Symbian">Symbian</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Mobile" title="Windows Mobile">Windows
Mobile</a> (Apple's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a> had not been released at the time). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Despite the past accomplishments of the
founders and early employees, Android Inc. operated secretly, revealing only
that it was working on software for mobile phones. That same year, Rubin ran
out of money. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Perlman" title="Steve Perlman">Steve Perlman</a>, a close friend of Rubin, brought him
$10,000 in cash in an envelope and refused a stake in the company.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> acquired Android Inc. on August 17, 2005, making it a
wholly owned subsidiary of Google. Key employees of Android Inc., including
Rubin, Miner and White, stayed at the company after the acquisition. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Not much was known about Android Inc. at the
time, but many assumed that Google was planning to enter the mobile phone
market with this move. At Google, the team led by Rubin developed a mobile
device platform powered by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux
kernel</a>. Google marketed the platform to handset makers and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_network_operator" title="Mobile network operator">carriers</a> on the promise of providing a
flexible, upgradable system. Google had lined up a series of hardware component
and software partners and signaled to carriers that it was open to various
degrees of cooperation on their part.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_%28operating_system%29#cite_note-EngadgetMobileOS-35">[35]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_%28operating_system%29#cite_note-WSJ-36">[36]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_%28operating_system%29#cite_note-DT-37">[37]</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Speculation about Google's intention to enter
the mobile communications market continued to build through December 2006. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Reports from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal" title="Wall Street Journal">Wall Street Journal</a> noted that Google wanted
its search and applications on mobile phones and it was working hard to deliver
that. Print and online media outlets soon reported rumors that Google was
developing a Google-branded <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handset#Telephony" title="Handset">handset</a>.
Some speculated that as Google was defining technical specifications, it was
showing prototypes to cell phone manufacturers and network operators. In
September 2007, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InformationWeek" title="InformationWeek">InformationWeek</a> covered an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evalueserve" title="Evalueserve">Evalueserve</a>
study reporting that Google had filed several patent applications in the area
of mobile telephony.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">On November 5, 2007, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Handset_Alliance" title="Open Handset Alliance">Open Handset Alliance</a>, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consortium" title="Consortium">consortium</a>
of technology companies including Google, device manufacturers such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTC" title="HTC">HTC</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a>,
wireless carriers such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprint_Nextel" title="Sprint Nextel">Sprint Nextel</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Mobile" title="T-Mobile">T-Mobile</a>, and
chipset makers such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualcomm" title="Qualcomm">Qualcomm</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Instruments" title="Texas Instruments">Texas
Instruments</a>, unveiled itself, with a goal to develop <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_standard" title="Open standard">open
standards</a> for mobile devices. That day, Android was unveiled as its first
product, a mobile device <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">platform</a> built on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux
kernel</a> version 2.6. The first commercially available phone to run Android
was the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTC_Dream" title="HTC Dream">HTC
Dream</a>, released on October 22, 2008.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Since 2008, Android has seen <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_version_history" title="Android version history">numerous updates</a> which have incrementally
improved the operating system, adding new features and fixing bugs in previous
releases. Each major release is named in alphabetical order after a dessert or
sugary treat; for example, version 1.5 Cupcake was followed by 1.6 Donut. The
latest release is 4.2 Jelly Bean. In 2010, Google launched its <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Nexus" title="Google Nexus">Nexus</a>
series of devices—a line of smartphones and tablets running the Android
operating system, and built by a manufacturer partner. HTC collaborated with
Google to release the first Nexus smartphone, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexus_One" title="Nexus One">Nexus One</a>.
The series has since been updated with newer devices, such as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexus_4" title="Nexus 4">Nexus 4</a>
phone and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexus_10" title="Nexus 10">Nexus 10</a>
tablet, made by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LG" title="LG">LG</a> and
Samsung, respectively. Google releases the Nexus phones and tablets to act as
their <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagship#Flagship_as_metaphor" title="Flagship">flagship</a> Android devices, demonstrating Android's latest
software and hardware features.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">On 13 March 2013, it was announced by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Page" title="Larry Page">Larry Page</a>
in a blog post that Andy Rubin had moved from the Android division to take on
new projects at Google. He was replaced by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundar_Pichai" title="Sundar Pichai">Sundar
Pichai</a>, who also continues his role as the head of Google's Chrome
division, which develops <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Chrome_OS" title="Google Chrome OS">Chrome
OS</a>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Interface</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android's user interface is based on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_manipulation_interface" title="Direct manipulation interface">direct manipulation</a>, using touch
inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions, like swiping, tapping,
pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The response to user input is designed to be
immediate and provides a fluid touch interface, often using the vibration
capabilities of the device to provide <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haptic_feedback" title="Haptic feedback">haptic
feedback</a> to the user. Internal hardware such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerometer" title="Accelerometer">accelerometers</a>,
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyroscope" title="Gyroscope">gyroscopes</a>
and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proximity_sensor" title="Proximity sensor">proximity sensors</a> are used by some applications to
respond to additional user actions, for example adjusting the screen from
portrait to landscape depending on how the device is oriented, or allowing the
user to steer a vehicle in a racing game by rotating the device, simulating
control of a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering_wheel" title="Steering wheel">steering wheel</a>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android devices boot to the homescreen, the
primary navigation and information point on the device, which is similar to the
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_metaphor" title="Desktop metaphor">desktop</a> found on PCs. Android homescreens are
typically made up of app icons and widgets; app icons launch the associated
app, whereas widgets display live, auto-updating content such as the weather
forecast, the user's email inbox, or a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_ticker" title="News ticker">news
ticker</a> directly on the homescreen. A homescreen may be made up of several
pages that the user can swipe back and forth between, though Android's
homescreen interface is heavily customisable, allowing the user to adjust the
look and feel of the device to their tastes. Third party apps available on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Play" title="Google Play">Google
Play</a> and other app stores can extensively re-<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theme_%28computing%29" title="Theme (computing)">theme</a> the homescreen, and even mimic the look of
other operating systems, such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Phone" title="Windows Phone">Windows
Phone</a>. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Most manufacturers, and some <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone_operator" title="Mobile phone operator">wireless carriers</a>, customise the look and
feel of their Android devices to differentiate themselves from their
competitors.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_%28operating_system%29#cite_note-49">[49]</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Present along the top of the screen is a
status bar, showing information about the device and its connectivity. This status
bar can be "pulled" down to reveal a notification screen where apps
display important information or updates, such as a newly received email or SMS
text, in a way that does not immediately interrupt or inconvenience the user. In
early versions of Android these notifications could be tapped to open the
relevant app, but recent updates have provided enhanced functionality, such as
the ability to call a number back directly from the missed call notification
without having to open the dialer app first. Notifications are persistent until
read or dismissed by the user.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">APPLICATIONS</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android has a growing selection of third
party applications, which can be acquired by users either through an app store
such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Play" title="Google Play">Google
Play</a> or the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Appstore" title="Amazon Appstore">Amazon Appstore</a>, or by downloading and installing
the application's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APK_%28file_format%29" title="APK (file format)">APK</a> file from a third-party site. The Play Store
application allows users to browse, download and update apps published by
Google and third-party developers, and is pre-installed on devices that comply
with Google's compatibility requirements. The app filters the list of available
applications to those that are compatible with the user's device, and
developers may restrict their applications to particular carriers or countries
for business reasons. Purchases of unwanted applications can be refunded within
15 minutes of the time of download, and some carriers offer direct carrier
billing for Google Play application purchases, where the cost of the
application is added to the user's monthly bill. As of September 2012, there
were more than 675,000 apps available for Android, and the estimated number of
applications downloaded from the Play Store was 25 billion.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Applications are developed in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_%28programming_language%29" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> language using the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_software_development" title="Android software development">Android software development</a> kit
(SDK). The SDK includes a comprehensive set of development tools, including a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debugger" title="Debugger">debugger</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_library" title="Software library">software
libraries</a>, a handset <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulator" title="Emulator">emulator</a> based on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QEMU" title="QEMU">QEMU</a>, documentation,
sample code, and tutorials. The officially supported <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">integrated development environment</a>
(IDE) is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipse_%28software%29" title="Eclipse (software)">Eclipse</a> using the Android Development Tools
(ADT) plugin. Other development tools are available, including a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_development_kit" title="Native development kit">Native Development Kit</a> for applications or
extensions in C or C++, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_App_Inventor" title="Google App Inventor">Google App Inventor</a>, a visual environment for
novice programmers, and various <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_phone_web_based_application_framework" title="Multiple phone web based application framework">cross platform mobile
web applications frameworks</a>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">In order to work around limitations on
reaching Google services due to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Internet censorship in the People's Republic of China">Internet
censorship in the People's Republic of China</a>, Android devices sold in the
PRC are generally customized to use state approved services instead.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_%28operating_system%29#cite_note-59">[59]</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Development</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android is developed in private by Google
until the latest changes and updates are ready to be released, at which point
the source code is made available publicly. This source code will only run
without modification on select devices, usually the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Nexus" title="Google Nexus">Nexus</a>
series of devices. With others, there are proprietary <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binaries" title="Binaries">binaries</a> which
have to be provided by the manufacturer in order for Android to work.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Linux</span></div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Android-System-Architecture.svg"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Android-System-Architecture.svg/220px-Android-System-Architecture.svg.png" border="0" height="385" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.gif" width="665" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Android-System-Architecture.svg" title=""Enlarge" "><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="https://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf5/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" border="0" height="11" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.gif" width="15" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">ARCHITECTURE DIAGRAM</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android consists of a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_%28computing%29" title="Kernel (computing)">kernel</a> based on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux
kernel</a> version 2.6 and, from Android 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich onwards,
version 3.x, with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middleware" title="Middleware">middleware</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_library" title="Software library">libraries</a>
and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_programming_interface" title="Application programming interface">APIs</a> written in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_%28programming_language%29" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_software" title="Application software">application software</a> running on an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_framework" title="Application framework">application framework</a> which includes
Java-compatible libraries based on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Harmony" title="Apache Harmony">Apache
Harmony</a>. Android uses the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalvik_%28software%29" title="Dalvik (software)">Dalvik virtual machine</a> with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just-in-time_compilation" title="Just-in-time compilation">just-in-time compilation</a> to run Dalvik
'dex-code' (Dalvik Executable), which is usually translated from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_bytecode" title="Java bytecode">Java
bytecode</a>. The main hardware platform for Android is the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_architecture" title="ARM architecture">ARM
architecture</a>. There is support for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86</a> from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android-x86" title="Android-x86">Android-x86</a>
project,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_%28operating_system%29#cite_note-ARMAN-4.0-on-x86-9">[9]</a>
and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_TV" title="Google TV">Google
TV</a> uses a special x86 version of Android. In 2013, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freescale" title="Freescale">Freescale</a>
announced Android on its <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I.MX" title="I.MX">i.MX</a> processor, i.MX5X and i.MX6X series.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_%28operating_system%29#cite_note-freescale1-10">[10]</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android's Linux kernel has further
architecture changes by Google outside the typical Linux kernel development
cycle. Android does not have a native <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Window_System" title="X Window System">X
Window System</a> by default nor does it support the full set of standard <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a> libraries, and this
makes it difficult to port existing Linux applications or libraries to Android.
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Support for simple C and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_DirectMedia_Layer" title="Simple DirectMedia Layer">SDL</a> applications is possible by injection
of a small Java <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shim_%28computing%29" title="Shim (computing)">shim</a> and usage of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JNI" title="JNI">JNI</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_%28operating_system%29#cite_note-sdlandroid-66">[66]</a>
like, for example, in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagged_Alliance_2" title="Jagged Alliance 2">Jagged
Alliance 2</a> port for Android.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Certain features that Google contributed back
to the Linux kernel, notably a power management feature called
"wakelocks", were rejected by mainline kernel developers partly
because they felt that Google did not show any intent to maintain its own code.
Google announced in April 2010 that they would hire two employees to work with
the Linux kernel community, but <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Kroah-Hartman" title="Greg Kroah-Hartman">Greg Kroah-Hartman</a>, the current Linux kernel maintainer
for the stable branch, said in December 2010 that he was concerned that Google
was no longer trying to get their code changes included in mainstream Linux.
Some Google Android developers hinted that "the Android team was getting
fed up with the process," because they were a small team and had more
urgent work to do on Android.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">In August 2011, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Linus
Torvalds</a> said that "eventually Android and Linux would come back to a
common kernel, but it will probably not be for four to five years". In
December 2011, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Kroah-Hartman" title="Greg Kroah-Hartman">Greg Kroah-Hartman</a> announced the start of the
Android Mainlining Project, which aims to put some Android <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">drivers</a>,
patches and features back into the Linux kernel, starting in Linux 3.3. Linux
included the autosleep and wakelocks capabilities in the 3.5 kernel, after many
previous attempts at merger. The interfaces are the same but the upstream Linux
implementation allows for two different suspend modes: to memory (the
traditional suspend that Android uses), and to disk (hibernate, as it is known
on the desktop). The merger will be complete starting with Kernel 3.8, Google
has opened a public code repository that contains their experimental work to
re-base Android off Kernel 3.8.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_storage" title="Flash storage">flash
storage</a> on Android devices is split into several partitions, such as
"/system" for the operating system itself and "/data" for user
data and app installations. In contrast to desktop Linux distributions, Android
device owners are not given <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superuser" title="Superuser">root</a> access to the operating system and sensitive
partitions such as /systems are <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read-only_memory" title="Read-only memory">read-only</a>.
However, root access can be obtained by exploiting <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulnerability_%28computing%29" title="Vulnerability (computing)">security flaws</a> in Android, which is used
frequently by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_%28operating_system%29#Open_source_community">open
source community</a> to enhance the capabilities of their devices, but also by
malicious parties to install <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_virus" title="Computer virus">viruses</a>
and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malware" title="Malware">malware</a>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Whether or not Android counts as a Linux
distribution is a widely debated topic, with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_Foundation" title="Linux Foundation">Linux
Foundation</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_DiBona" title="Chris DiBona">Chris DiBona</a>, Google's open source chief, in favour.
Others, such as Google engineer Patrick Brady disagree, noting the lack of
support for many GNU tools, including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glibc" title="Glibc">glibc</a>, in Android.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Memory management</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Since Android devices are usually
battery-powered, Android is designed to manage memory (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random-access_memory" title="Random-access memory">RAM</a>) to keep power consumption at a minimum,
in contrast to desktop operating systems which generally assume they are
connected to unlimited <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricity" title="Mains electricity">mains electricity</a>. When an Android app is no
longer in use, the system will automatically suspend it in memory - while the
app is still technically "open," suspended apps consume no resources
(e.g. battery power or processing power) and sit idly in the background until
needed again. This has the dual benefit of increasing the general responsiveness
of Android devices, since apps don't need to be closed and reopened from
scratch each time, but also ensuring background apps don't waste power
needlessly.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android manages the apps stored in memory
automatically: when memory is low, the system will begin killing apps and
processes that have been inactive for a while, in reverse order since they were
last used (i.e. oldest first). This process is designed to be invisible to the
user, such that users do not need to manage memory or the killing of apps
themselves. However, confusion over Android memory management has resulted in
third-party task killers becoming popular on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Play" title="Google Play">Google
Play</a> store; these third-party task killers are generally regarded as doing
more harm than good.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Update schedule</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:G1,_Nexus_One,_Nexus_S,_Galaxy_Nexus.jpg"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/G1%2C_Nexus_One%2C_Nexus_S%2C_Galaxy_Nexus.jpg/200px-G1%2C_Nexus_One%2C_Nexus_S%2C_Galaxy_Nexus.jpg" border="0" height="102" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image004.jpg" width="200" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:G1,_Nexus_One,_Nexus_S,_Galaxy_Nexus.jpg" title=""Enlarge" "><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="https://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf5/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" border="0" height="11" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.gif" width="15" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">From left to right: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTC_Dream" title="HTC Dream">HTC Dream (G1)</a>,
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexus_One" title="Nexus One">Nexus One</a>,
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexus_S" title="Nexus S">Nexus S</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy_Nexus" title="Galaxy Nexus">Galaxy
Nexus</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">See also: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_version_history" title="Android version history">Android version history</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Google provides major updates, incremental in
nature, to Android every six to nine months, which most devices are capable of
receiving <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over-the-air_programming" title="Over-the-air programming">over the air</a>. The latest major update is
Android 4.2 Jelly Bean.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Compared to its chief rival mobile operating
system, namely <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a>,
Android updates are typically slow to reach actual devices. For devices not
under the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Nexus" title="Google Nexus">Nexus</a> brand, updates often arrive months from the time
the given version is officially released. This is caused partly due to the
extensive variation in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">hardware</a> of Android devices, to which each update
must be specifically tailored, as the official Google source code only runs on
their flagship <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Nexus" title="Google Nexus">Nexus</a> devices. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porting" title="Porting">Porting</a> Android
to specific hardware is a time- and resource-consuming process for device
manufacturers, who prioritize their newest devices and often leave older ones
behind. Hence, older smartphones are frequently not updated if the manufacturer
decides it is not worth their time, regardless of whether the phone is capable
of running the update. This problem is compounded when manufacturers customize
Android with their own interface and apps, which must be reapplied to each new
release. Additional delays can be introduced by wireless carriers who, after
receiving updates from manufacturers, further customize and brand Android to
their needs and conduct extensive testing on their networks before sending the
update out to users.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The lack of after-sale support from
manufacturers and carriers has been widely criticised by consumer groups and
the technology media. Some commentators have noted that the industry has a
financial incentive not to update their devices, as the lack of updates for
existing devices fuels the purchase of newer ones, an attitude described as
"insulting". <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> has complained that the complicated
method of distribution for updates is only complicated because manufacturers
and carriers have designed it that way. In 2011, Google partnered with a number
of industry players to announce an "Android Update Alliance",
pledging to deliver timely updates for every device for 18 months after its
release. As of 2013, this alliance has never been mentioned since.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">OPEN SOURCE COMMUNITY</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android has an active community of developers
and enthusiasts who use the Android source code to develop and distribute their
own modified versions of the operating system. These community-developed
releases often bring new features and updates to devices faster than through
the official manufacturer/carrier channels, albeit without as extensive testing
or quality assurance; provide continued support for older devices that no
longer receive official updates; or bring Android to devices that were
officially released running other operating systems, such as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP_TouchPad" title="HP TouchPad">HP
TouchPad</a>. Community releases often come pre-<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_rooting" title="Android rooting">rooted</a>
and contain modifications unsuitable for non-technical users, such as the
ability to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overclock" title="Overclock">overclock</a>
or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_voltage_scaling" title="Dynamic voltage scaling">over/undervolt</a> the device's processor. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CyanogenMod" title="CyanogenMod">CyanogenMod</a>
is the most widely used community firmware, and acts as a foundation for
numerous others.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Historically, device manufacturers and mobile
carriers have typically been unsupportive of third-party <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmware" title="Firmware">firmware</a>
development. Manufacturers express concern about improper functioning of
devices running unofficial software and the support costs resulting from this.
Moreover, modified firmwares such as CyanogenMod sometimes offer features, such
as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tethering" title="Tethering">tethering</a>,
for which carriers would otherwise charge a premium. As a result, technical
obstacles including locked <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootloader" title="Bootloader">bootloaders</a> and restricted access to root permissions are
common in many devices. However, as community-developed software has grown more
popular, and following a statement by the Librarian of Congress in the United
States that permits the "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS_jailbreaking" title="IOS jailbreaking">jailbreaking</a>"
of mobile devices, manufacturers and carriers have softened their position
regarding third party development, with some, including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTC" title="HTC">HTC</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola" title="Motorola">Motorola</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Mobile_Communications" title="Sony Mobile Communications">Sony</a>, providing support and encouraging
development. As a result of this, over time the need to circumvent <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware_restrictions" title="Hardware restrictions">hardware restrictions</a> to install unofficial
firmware has lessened as an increasing number of devices are shipped with
unlocked or unlockable <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootloader" title="Bootloader">bootloaders</a>, similar to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Nexus" title="Google Nexus">Nexus</a>
series of phones, although usually requiring that users waive their devices'
warranties to do so. However, despite manufacturer acceptance, some carriers in
the US still require that phones are locked down.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The unlocking and "hackability" of
smartphones and tablets remains a source of tension between the community and
industry, with the community arguing that unofficial development is
increasingly important given the failure of industry to provide timely updates
and/or continued support to their devices.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">SECURITY AND PRIVACY</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android applications run in a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandbox_%28computer_security%29" title="Sandbox (computer security)">sandbox</a>, an isolated area of the system
that does not have access to the rest of the system's resources, unless access
permissions are explicitly granted by the user when the application is
installed. Before installing an application, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Play" title="Google Play">Play Store</a>
displays all required permissions: a game may need to enable vibration or save
data to an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SD_card" title="SD card">SD
card</a>, for example, but should not need to read SMS messages or access the
phonebook. After reviewing these permissions, the user can choose to accept or
refuse them, installing the application only if they accept.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The sandboxing and permissions system lessens
the impact of vulnerabilities and bugs in applications, but developer confusion
and limited documentation has resulted in applications routinely requesting
unnecessary permissions, reducing its effectiveness. Several security firms,
such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lookout_Mobile_Security" title="Lookout Mobile Security">Lookout Mobile Security</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AVG_Technologies" title="AVG Technologies">AVG
Technologies</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McAfee" title="McAfee">McAfee</a>, have released antivirus software for Android devices.
This software is ineffective as sandboxing also applies to such applications,
limiting their ability to scan the deeper system for threats.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Research from security company <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trend_Micro" title="Trend Micro">Trend
Micro</a> lists premium service abuse as the most common type of Android
malware, where text messages are sent from infected phones to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premium-rate_telephone_number" title="Premium-rate telephone number">premium-rate telephone numbers</a>
without the consent or even knowledge of the user. Other malware displays
unwanted and intrusive adverts on the device, or sends personal information to
unauthorised third parties. Security threats on Android are reportedly growing
exponentially; however, Google engineers have argued that the malware and virus
threat on Android is being exaggerated by security companies for commercial
reasons, and have accused the security industry of playing on fears to sell
virus protection software to users. Google maintains that dangerous malware is
actually extremely rare, and a survey conducted by F-Secure showed that only
0.5% of Android malware reported had come from the Google Play store.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Google currently uses their <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Bouncer" title="Google Bouncer">Google
Bouncer</a> malware scanner to watch over and scan the Google Play store apps.
It is intended to flag up suspicious apps and warn users of any potential issues
with an application before they download it. Android version 4.2 Jelly Bean was
released in 2012 with enhanced security features, including a malware scanner
built into the system, which works in combination with Google Play but can scan
apps installed from third party sources as well, and an alert system which
notifies the user when an app tries to send a premium-rate text message,
blocking the message unless the user explicitly authorises it.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android smartphones have the ability to
report the location of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a> access points, encountered as phone users move around, to
build databases containing the physical locations of hundreds of millions of
such access points. These databases form electronic maps to locate smartphones,
allowing them to run apps like <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foursquare" title="Foursquare">Foursquare</a>,
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Latitude" title="Google Latitude">Google
Latitude</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook_Places" title="Facebook Places">Facebook Places</a>, and to deliver location-based ads.
Third party monitoring software such as TaintDroid, an academic research-funded
project, can, in some cases, detect when personal information is being sent
from applications to remote servers.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The open source nature of Android allows
security contractors to take existing devices and adapt them for highly secure
uses. For example Samsung has worked with General Dynamics through their <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Kernel_Labs" title="Open Kernel Labs">Open
Kernel Labs</a> acquisition to rebuild Jelly Bean on top of their hardened
microvisor for the "Knox" project.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Licensing</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source
code</a> for Android is available under <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">free and open-source software</a>
licenses. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>
publishes most of the code (including network and telephony <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solution_stack" title="Solution stack">stacks</a>)
under the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_License" title="Apache License">Apache License</a> version 2.0, and the rest, Linux
kernel changes, under the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</a> version 2.
The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Handset_Alliance" title="Open Handset Alliance">Open Handset Alliance</a> develops the changes to
the Linux kernel, in public, with source code publicly available at all times.
The rest of Android is developed in private by Google, with source code
released publicly when a new version is released. Typically Google collaborates
with a hardware manufacturer to produce a 'flagship' device (part of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Nexus" title="Google Nexus">Google
Nexus</a> series) featuring the new version of Android, then makes the source
code available after that device has been released.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">In early 2011, Google chose to temporarily
withhold the Android source code to the tablet-only 3.0 Honeycomb release. The
reason, according to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Rubin" title="Andy Rubin">Andy Rubin</a> in an official Android blog post, was because
Honeycomb was rushed for production of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_Xoom" title="Motorola Xoom">Motorola
Xoom</a>, and they did not want third parties creating a "really bad user
experience" by attempting to put onto smartphones a version of Android
intended for tablets. The source code was once again made available in November
2011 with the release of Android 4.0.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Even though the software is open-source,
device manufacturers cannot use Google's Android trademark unless Google
certifies that the device complies with their Compatibility Definition Document
(CDD). Devices must also meet this definition to be eligible to license
Google's closed-source applications, including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Play" title="Google Play">Google
Play</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a> have been
critical of Android and have recommended the usage of alternatives such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replicant_%28operating_system%29" title="Replicant (operating system)">Replicant</a>, because drivers and
firmware vital for the proper functioning of Android devices are usually
proprietary, and because Google Play allows <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">non-free</a> software.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Reception</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android received a lukewarm reaction when it
was unveiled in 2007. Although analysts were impressed with the respected
technology companies that had partnered with Google to form the Open Handset
Alliance, it was unclear whether mobile phone manufacturers would be willing to
replace their existing operating systems with Android. The idea of an open
source, Linux-based <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">development platform</a> sparked interest, but there
were additional worries about Android facing strong competition from
established players in the smartphone market, such as Nokia and Microsoft, and
rival Linux mobile operating systems that were in development. These
established players were skeptical: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia" title="Nokia">Nokia</a> was quoted as
saying "we don't see this as a threat," and a member of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>'s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Mobile" title="Windows Mobile">Windows
Mobile</a> team stated "I don't understand the impact that they are going
to have."</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Since then Android has grown to become the
most widely used smartphone operating system and "one of the fastest
mobile experiences available." Reviewers have highlighted the open source
nature of the operating system as one of its defining strengths, allowing
companies such as Amazon (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindle_Fire" title="Kindle Fire">Kindle Fire</a>), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble" title="Barnes & Noble">Barnes
& Noble</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble_Nook" title="Barnes & Noble Nook">Nook</a>), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouya" title="Ouya">Ouya</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baidu" title="Baidu">Baidu</a>, and others to
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fork_%28software_development%29" title="Fork (software development)">fork</a> the software and release hardware
running their own customised version of Android. As a result, it has been
described by technology website <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars_Technica" title="Ars Technica">Ars
Technica</a> as "practically the default operating system for launching
new hardware" for companies without their own mobile platforms. This
openness and flexibility is also present at the level of the end user: Android
allows extensive customisation of devices by their owners and apps are freely
available from non-Google app stores and third party websites. These have been
cited as among the main advantages of Android phones over others.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Despite Android's popularity, including an
activation rate three times that of iOS, there have been reports that Google
has not been able to leverage their other products and web services
successfully to turn Android into the money maker that analysts had expected. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Verge" title="The Verge">The Verge</a>
suggested that Google is losing control of Android due to the extensive
customization and proliferation of non-Google apps and services - for instance
the Amazon <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindle_Fire" title="Kindle Fire">Kindle Fire</a> points users to the Amazon app store that
competes directly with the Google Play store. Google SVP <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Rubin" title="Andy Rubin">Andy Rubin</a>,
who was replaced as head of the Android division in March 2013, has been blamed
for failing to establish a lucrative partnership with cell phone makers. The
chief beneficiary of Android has been <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a>, whose <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy" title="Samsung Galaxy">Galaxy</a>
brand has surpassed that of Android in terms of brand recognition since 2011. Meanwhile
other Android manufacturers have struggled since 2011, such as LG, HTC, and
Google's own <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_Mobility" title="Motorola Mobility">Motorola Mobility</a> (whose partnership with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verizon_Wireless" title="Verizon Wireless">Verizon
Wireless</a> to push the "DROID" brand has faded since 2010).
Ironically, while Google directly earns nothing from the sale of each Android
device, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>
and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>
have successfully sued to extract patent royalty payments from Android handset
manufacturers.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tablets</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<img border="0" height="300" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image006.jpg" width="638" /><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Despite its success on smartphones, initially
Android tablet adoption was slow. One of the main causes was the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_or_the_egg" title="Chicken or the egg">chicken or the egg</a> situation where consumers
were hesitant to buy an Android tablet due to a lack of high quality tablet
apps, but developers were hesitant to spend time and resources developing
tablet apps until there was a significant market for them. The content and app
"ecosystem" proved more important than hardware <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specification_%28technical_standard%29" title="Specification (technical standard)">specs</a> as the selling point for
tablets. Due to the lack of Android tablet-specific apps in 2011, early Android
tablets had to make do with existing smartphone apps that were ill-suited to
larger screen sizes, whereas the dominance of Apple's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPad" title="IPad">iPad</a> was reinforced by
the large number of tablet-specific <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> apps.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Despite app support in its infancy, a
considerable number of Android tablets (alongside those using other operating
systems, such as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP_TouchPad" title="HP TouchPad">HP TouchPad</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlackBerry_PlayBook" title="BlackBerry PlayBook">BlackBerry PlayBook</a>) were rushed out to market
in an attempt to capitalize on the success of the iPad. InfoWorld has suggested
that some Android manufacturers initially treated their first tablets as a
"Frankenphone business", a short-term low-investment opportunity by
placing a smartphone-optimized Android OS (before Android 3.0 Honeycomb for
tablets was available) on a device while neglecting user interface. This
approach, such as with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Streak" title="Dell Streak">Dell Streak</a>, failed to gain market traction with
consumers as well as damaging the early reputation of Android tablets.
Furthermore, several Android tablets such as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_Xoom" title="Motorola Xoom">Motorola
Xoom</a> were priced the same or higher than the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPad" title="IPad">iPad</a>, which hurt
sales. An exception was the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com" title="Amazon.com">Amazon</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindle_Fire" title="Kindle Fire">Kindle Fire</a>, which relied upon lower pricing as well as
access to Amazon's ecosystem of apps and content.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">This began to change in 2012 with the release
of the affordable <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexus_7" title="Nexus 7">Nexus 7</a> and a push by Google for developers to write better
tablet apps. Android tablet market share surpassed the iPad's in Q3 2012.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Market share and rate of adoption</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Research Company Canalys estimated in the
second quarter of 2009 that Android had a 2.8% share of worldwide <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphone</a>
shipments. By the fourth quarter of 2010 this had grown to 33% of the market,
becoming the top-selling smartphone platform. By the third quarter of 2011 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gartner" title="Gartner">Gartner</a>
estimated that more than half (52.5%) of the smartphone market belongs to
Android. By the third quarter of 2012 Android had a 75% share of the global
smartphone market according to the research firm IDC.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">In July 2011, Google said that 550,000 new
Android devices were being activated every day, up from 400,000 per day in May,
and more than 100 million devices had been activated with 4.4% growth per week.
In September 2012, 500 million devices had been activated with 1.3 million
activations per day. In May 2013, at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_I/O" title="Google I/O">Google I/O</a>,
Sundar Pichai announced that 900 million Android devices had been activated.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android market share varies by location. In
July 2012, Android's market share in the United States was 52%, and rose to 90%
in China.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Usage share of Android versions</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Android_chart.png"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Android_chart.png/251px-Android_chart.png" border="0" height="246" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image008.gif" width="640" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Usage share of the different versions
collected during a 14-day period ending on May 1, 2013</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Usage share of the different versions as of
June 3, 2013.</span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<thead>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Version</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Code name</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Release date</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_programming_interface" title="Application programming interface">API</a> level</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Distribution (May 1, 2013)</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelly_Bean_%28operating_system%29" title="Jelly Bean (operating system)">4.2.x</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelly_Bean_%28operating_system%29" title="Jelly Bean (operating system)">Jelly Bean</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">November 13, 2012</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">17</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">4.0%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelly_Bean_%28operating_system%29" title="Jelly Bean (operating system)">4.1.x</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelly_Bean_%28operating_system%29" title="Jelly Bean (operating system)">Jelly Bean</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">July 9, 2012</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">16</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">29.0%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Cream_Sandwich_%28operating_system%29" title="Ice Cream Sandwich (operating system)">4.0.x</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Cream_Sandwich_%28operating_system%29" title="Ice Cream Sandwich (operating system)">Ice Cream Sandwich</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">December 16, 2011</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">15</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">25.6%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeycomb_%28operating_system%29" title="Honeycomb (operating system)">3.2</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeycomb_%28operating_system%29" title="Honeycomb (operating system)">Honeycomb</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">July 15, 2011</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">13</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">0.1%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeycomb_%28operating_system%29" title="Honeycomb (operating system)">3.1</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeycomb_%28operating_system%29" title="Honeycomb (operating system)">Honeycomb</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">May 10, 2011</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">12</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_2.3" title="Android 2.3">2.3.3–2.3.7</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_2.3" title="Android 2.3">Gingerbread</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">February 9, 2011</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">10</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">36.4%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_2.3" title="Android 2.3">2.3–2.3.2</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_2.3" title="Android 2.3">Gingerbread</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">December 6, 2010</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">9</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">0.1%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Froyo" title="Android Froyo">2.2</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Froyo" title="Android Froyo">Froyo</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">May 20, 2010</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">8</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3.2%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_version_history#Android_2.0.2C_2.1_Eclair" title="Android version history">2.0–2.1</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89clair_%28operating_system%29" title="Éclair (operating system)">Eclair</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">October 26, 2009</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">7</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1.5%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donut_%28operating_system%29" title="Donut (operating system)">1.6</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donut_%28operating_system%29" title="Donut (operating system)">Donut</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">September 15, 2009</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">4</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">0.1%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 11; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1.5</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Cupcake</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">April 30, 2009</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><br /></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Application piracy</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">There has been some concern about the ease
with which paid Android apps can be <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_infringement_of_software" title="Copyright infringement of software">pirated</a>. In a May 2012 interview
with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurogamer" title="Eurogamer">Eurogamer</a>,
the developers of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Manager" title="Football Manager">Football Manager</a> stated that the ratio of pirated
players vs legitimate players was 9:1 for their game Football Manager Handheld.
However, not every developer agreed that piracy rates were an issue; for
example, in July 2012 the developers of the game Wind-up Knight said that
piracy levels of their game were only 12%, and most of the piracy came from
China, where people cannot purchase apps from Google Play.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">In 2010, Google released a tool for
validating authorised purchases for use within apps, but developers complained
that this was insufficient and trivial to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_cracking" title="Software cracking">crack</a>.
Google responded that the tool, especially its initial release, was intended as
a sample framework for developers to modify and build upon depending on their
needs, not as a finished security solution. In 2012 Google released a feature
in Android 4.1 that encrypted paid applications so that they would only work on
the device on which they were purchased, but this feature has been temporarily
deactivated due to technical issues.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Copyrights and patents</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Further information: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_v._Google" title="Oracle v. Google">Oracle
v. Google</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone_wars" title="Smartphone wars">Smartphone wars</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent_troll" title="Patent troll">Patent
troll</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Both Android and Android phone manufacturers
have been involved in numerous patent lawsuits. On August 12, 2010, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle</a> sued Google over claimed infringement of
copyrights and patents related to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_%28programming_language%29" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> programming language. Oracle
originally sought damages up to $6.1 billion, but this valuation was rejected
by a United States federal judge who asked Oracle to revise the estimate. In
response, Google submitted multiple lines of defense, counterclaiming that
Android did not infringe on Oracle's patents or copyright, that Oracle's
patents were invalid, and several other defenses. They said that Android is
based on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Harmony" title="Apache Harmony">Apache Harmony</a>, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_room_design" title="Clean room design">clean
room</a> implementation of the Java class libraries, and an independently
developed virtual machine called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalvik_%28software%29" title="Dalvik (software)">Dalvik</a>. In May 2012 the jury in this case found
that Google did not infringe on Oracle's patents, and the trial judge ruled
that the structure of the Java APIs used by Google was not copyrightable.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">In addition to lawsuits against Google
directly, various <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxy_war" title="Proxy war">proxy wars</a> have been waged against Android indirectly by
targeting manufacturers of Android devices, with the effect of discouraging
manufacturers from adopting the platform by increasing the costs of bringing an
Android device to market. Both <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>
and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>
have sued several manufacturers for patent infringement, with Apple's ongoing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc._v._Samsung_Electronics_Co.,_Ltd." title="Apple Inc. v. Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.">legal action against
Samsung</a> being a particularly high-profile case. In October 2011 Microsoft
said they had signed patent license agreements with ten Android device
manufacturers, whose products account for 55% of the worldwide revenue for
Android devices. These include <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTC" title="HTC">HTC</a>. Samsung's patent settlement with Microsoft includes an
agreement that Samsung will allocate more resources to developing and marketing
phones running Microsoft's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Phone" title="Windows Phone">Windows Phone</a> operating system.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Google has publicly expressed its frustration
for the current patent landscape in the United States, accusing Apple, Oracle
and Microsoft of trying to take down Android through patent litigation, rather
than innovating and competing with better products and services. In 2011–12,
Google purchased <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_Mobility" title="Motorola Mobility">Motorola Mobility</a> for US$12.5 billion, which was
viewed in part as a defensive measure to protect Android, since Motorola
Mobility held more than 17,000 patents. In December 2011 Google bought over a
thousand patents from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">BEYOND SMARTPHONES AND TABLETS</span></b></div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SmartWatch_MN2_auf_der_Internationalen_Funkausstellung_2012_in_Berlin_1_PD.JPG"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/SmartWatch_MN2_auf_der_Internationalen_Funkausstellung_2012_in_Berlin_1_PD.JPG/150px-SmartWatch_MN2_auf_der_Internationalen_Funkausstellung_2012_in_Berlin_1_PD.JPG" border="0" height="227" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image010.jpg" width="498" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The open and customizable nature of Android
allows it to be used on other electronics, including laptops and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netbook" title="Netbook">netbooks</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartbook" title="Smartbook">smartbooks</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_TV" title="Smart TV">smart TVs</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_TV" title="Google TV">Google TV</a>)
and cameras (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikon_Coolpix_S800c" title="Nikon Coolpix S800c">Nikon Coolpix S800c</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy_Camera" title="Galaxy Camera">Galaxy
Camera</a>). In addition, the Android operating system has seen applications on
smart glasses (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Glass" title="Google Glass">Google Glass</a>), wristwatches, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headphones" title="Headphones">headphones</a>,
car CD and DVD players, mirrors, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_media_player" title="Portable media player">portable media players</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landline" title="Landline">landlines</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VoIP_phone" title="VoIP phone">Voice over
IP phones</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouya" title="Ouya">Ouya</a>,
an upcoming videogames console running Android, became one of the most
successful <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kickstarter" title="Kickstarter">Kickstarter</a> campaigns, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowdfunding" title="Crowdfunding">crowdfunding</a>
US$8.5m for its development, and was later followed by other Android-based
video games consoles such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Shield" title="Project Shield">Project
Shield</a> from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nvidia" title="Nvidia">Nvidia</a>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">In 2011, Google demonstrated
"Android@Home", a new home automaton technology which uses Android to
control a range of household devices including light switches, power sockets
and thermostats. Prototype light bulbs were announced that could be controlled
from an Android phone or tablet, but Android head Andy Rubin was cautious to
note that "turning a lightbulb on and off is nothing new," pointing
to numerous failed home automation services. Google, he said, was thinking more
ambitiously and the intention was to use their position as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">cloud</a>
services provider to bring Google products into customers' homes.</span></div>
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<![endif]--><br />SHOBUFF TECHNICAL COMPANY (SHOBTECH)http://www.blogger.com/profile/12751760050921332688noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4796030013467592005.post-52852781122992411612013-06-05T19:01:00.003+01:002013-06-05T19:01:35.177+01:00GENESIS OF ANDROIDS OPERATING SYSTEM<!--[if !mso]>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>-based <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_operating_system" title="Mobile operating system">operating system</a> designed primarily for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touchscreen" title="Touchscreen">touchscreen</a>
mobile devices such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">tablet
computers</a>. Initially developed by Android, Inc., which <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> backed
financially and later bought in 2005, Android was unveiled in 2007 along with
the founding of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Handset_Alliance" title="Open Handset Alliance">Open Handset Alliance</a>: a consortium of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">hardware</a>,
software, and telecommunication companies devoted to advancing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_standard" title="Open standard">open
standards</a> for mobile devices. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTC_Dream" title="HTC Dream">first
Android-powered phone</a> was sold in October 2008.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source">open
source</a> and Google releases the code under the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_License" title="Apache License">Apache
License</a>. This open source code and permissive licensing allows the software
to be freely modified and distributed by device manufacturers, wireless
carriers and enthusiast developers. Additionally, Android has a large community
of developers writing applications ("<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_app" title="Mobile app">apps</a>")
that extend the functionality of devices, written primarily in a customized
version of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_%28programming_language%29" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> programming language. In October
2012, there were approximately 700,000 apps available for Android, and the
estimated number of applications downloaded from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Play" title="Google Play">Google Play</a>,
Android's primary app store, was 25 billion.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">These factors have contributed towards making
Android the world's most widely used smartphone platform, overtaking <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbian" title="Symbian">Symbian</a> in the
fourth quarter of 2010, and the software of choice for technology companies who
require a low-cost, customizable, lightweight operating system for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_tech" title="High tech">high tech</a>
devices without developing one from scratch. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As a result, despite being primarily designed
for phones and tablets, it has seen additional applications on televisions, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Games_console" title="Games console">games
consoles</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital cameras</a> and other electronics. Android's
open nature has further encouraged a large community of developers and
enthusiasts to use the open source code as a foundation for community-driven
projects, which add new features for advanced users or bring Android to devices
which were officially released running other operating systems.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android had a worldwide smartphone market
share of 75% during the third quarter of 2012, with 750 million devices activated
in total and 1.5 million activations per day. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The operating system's success has made it a
target for patent litigation as part of the so-called "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone_wars" title="Smartphone wars">smartphone
wars</a>" between technology companies. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As of May 2013, a total of 900 million Android
devices have been activated and 48 billion apps have been installed from the
Google Play store. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 28.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">HISTORY</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android, Inc. was founded in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_Alto,_California" title="Palo Alto, California">Palo Alto, California</a> in October 2003 by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Rubin" title="Andy Rubin">Andy Rubin</a>
(co-founder of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danger_%28company%29" title="Danger (company)">Danger</a>), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Miner" title="Rich Miner">Rich Miner</a>
(co-founder of Wildfire Communications, Inc.), Nick Sears <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(once VP at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Mobile_USA" title="T-Mobile USA">T-Mobile</a>),
and Chris White (headed design and interface development at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebTV" title="WebTV">WebTV</a>) to develop,
in Rubin's words "smarter mobile devices that are more aware of its
owner's location and preferences". The early intentions of the company
were to develop an advanced operating system for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital
cameras</a>, when it was realised that the market for the devices was not large
enough, and diverted their efforts to producing a smartphone operating system
to rival those of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbian" title="Symbian">Symbian</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Mobile" title="Windows Mobile">Windows
Mobile</a> (Apple's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a> had not been released at the time). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Despite the past accomplishments of the
founders and early employees, Android Inc. operated secretly, revealing only
that it was working on software for mobile phones. That same year, Rubin ran
out of money. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Perlman" title="Steve Perlman">Steve Perlman</a>, a close friend of Rubin, brought him
$10,000 in cash in an envelope and refused a stake in the company.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> acquired Android Inc. on August 17, 2005, making it a
wholly owned subsidiary of Google. Key employees of Android Inc., including
Rubin, Miner and White, stayed at the company after the acquisition. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Not much was known about Android Inc. at the
time, but many assumed that Google was planning to enter the mobile phone
market with this move. At Google, the team led by Rubin developed a mobile
device platform powered by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux
kernel</a>. Google marketed the platform to handset makers and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_network_operator" title="Mobile network operator">carriers</a> on the promise of providing a
flexible, upgradable system. Google had lined up a series of hardware component
and software partners and signaled to carriers that it was open to various
degrees of cooperation on their part.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_%28operating_system%29#cite_note-EngadgetMobileOS-35">[35]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_%28operating_system%29#cite_note-WSJ-36">[36]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_%28operating_system%29#cite_note-DT-37">[37]</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Speculation about Google's intention to enter
the mobile communications market continued to build through December 2006. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Reports from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal" title="Wall Street Journal">Wall Street Journal</a> noted that Google wanted
its search and applications on mobile phones and it was working hard to deliver
that. Print and online media outlets soon reported rumors that Google was
developing a Google-branded <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handset#Telephony" title="Handset">handset</a>.
Some speculated that as Google was defining technical specifications, it was
showing prototypes to cell phone manufacturers and network operators. In
September 2007, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InformationWeek" title="InformationWeek">InformationWeek</a> covered an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evalueserve" title="Evalueserve">Evalueserve</a>
study reporting that Google had filed several patent applications in the area
of mobile telephony.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">On November 5, 2007, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Handset_Alliance" title="Open Handset Alliance">Open Handset Alliance</a>, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consortium" title="Consortium">consortium</a>
of technology companies including Google, device manufacturers such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTC" title="HTC">HTC</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a>,
wireless carriers such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprint_Nextel" title="Sprint Nextel">Sprint Nextel</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Mobile" title="T-Mobile">T-Mobile</a>, and
chipset makers such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualcomm" title="Qualcomm">Qualcomm</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Instruments" title="Texas Instruments">Texas
Instruments</a>, unveiled itself, with a goal to develop <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_standard" title="Open standard">open
standards</a> for mobile devices. That day, Android was unveiled as its first
product, a mobile device <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">platform</a> built on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux
kernel</a> version 2.6. The first commercially available phone to run Android
was the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTC_Dream" title="HTC Dream">HTC
Dream</a>, released on October 22, 2008.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Since 2008, Android has seen <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_version_history" title="Android version history">numerous updates</a> which have incrementally
improved the operating system, adding new features and fixing bugs in previous
releases. Each major release is named in alphabetical order after a dessert or
sugary treat; for example, version 1.5 Cupcake was followed by 1.6 Donut. The
latest release is 4.2 Jelly Bean. In 2010, Google launched its <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Nexus" title="Google Nexus">Nexus</a>
series of devices—a line of smartphones and tablets running the Android
operating system, and built by a manufacturer partner. HTC collaborated with
Google to release the first Nexus smartphone, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexus_One" title="Nexus One">Nexus One</a>.
The series has since been updated with newer devices, such as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexus_4" title="Nexus 4">Nexus 4</a>
phone and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexus_10" title="Nexus 10">Nexus 10</a>
tablet, made by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LG" title="LG">LG</a> and
Samsung, respectively. Google releases the Nexus phones and tablets to act as
their <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagship#Flagship_as_metaphor" title="Flagship">flagship</a> Android devices, demonstrating Android's latest
software and hardware features.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">On 13 March 2013, it was announced by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Page" title="Larry Page">Larry Page</a>
in a blog post that Andy Rubin had moved from the Android division to take on
new projects at Google. He was replaced by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundar_Pichai" title="Sundar Pichai">Sundar
Pichai</a>, who also continues his role as the head of Google's Chrome
division, which develops <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Chrome_OS" title="Google Chrome OS">Chrome
OS</a>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Interface</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android's user interface is based on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_manipulation_interface" title="Direct manipulation interface">direct manipulation</a>, using touch
inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions, like swiping, tapping,
pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The response to user input is designed to be
immediate and provides a fluid touch interface, often using the vibration
capabilities of the device to provide <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haptic_feedback" title="Haptic feedback">haptic
feedback</a> to the user. Internal hardware such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerometer" title="Accelerometer">accelerometers</a>,
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyroscope" title="Gyroscope">gyroscopes</a>
and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proximity_sensor" title="Proximity sensor">proximity sensors</a> are used by some applications to
respond to additional user actions, for example adjusting the screen from
portrait to landscape depending on how the device is oriented, or allowing the
user to steer a vehicle in a racing game by rotating the device, simulating
control of a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering_wheel" title="Steering wheel">steering wheel</a>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android devices boot to the homescreen, the
primary navigation and information point on the device, which is similar to the
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_metaphor" title="Desktop metaphor">desktop</a> found on PCs. Android homescreens are
typically made up of app icons and widgets; app icons launch the associated
app, whereas widgets display live, auto-updating content such as the weather
forecast, the user's email inbox, or a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_ticker" title="News ticker">news
ticker</a> directly on the homescreen. A homescreen may be made up of several
pages that the user can swipe back and forth between, though Android's
homescreen interface is heavily customisable, allowing the user to adjust the
look and feel of the device to their tastes. Third party apps available on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Play" title="Google Play">Google
Play</a> and other app stores can extensively re-<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theme_%28computing%29" title="Theme (computing)">theme</a> the homescreen, and even mimic the look of
other operating systems, such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Phone" title="Windows Phone">Windows
Phone</a>. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Most manufacturers, and some <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone_operator" title="Mobile phone operator">wireless carriers</a>, customise the look and
feel of their Android devices to differentiate themselves from their
competitors.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_%28operating_system%29#cite_note-49">[49]</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Present along the top of the screen is a
status bar, showing information about the device and its connectivity. This status
bar can be "pulled" down to reveal a notification screen where apps
display important information or updates, such as a newly received email or SMS
text, in a way that does not immediately interrupt or inconvenience the user. In
early versions of Android these notifications could be tapped to open the
relevant app, but recent updates have provided enhanced functionality, such as
the ability to call a number back directly from the missed call notification
without having to open the dialer app first. Notifications are persistent until
read or dismissed by the user.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">APPLICATIONS</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android has a growing selection of third
party applications, which can be acquired by users either through an app store
such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Play" title="Google Play">Google
Play</a> or the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Appstore" title="Amazon Appstore">Amazon Appstore</a>, or by downloading and installing
the application's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APK_%28file_format%29" title="APK (file format)">APK</a> file from a third-party site. The Play Store
application allows users to browse, download and update apps published by
Google and third-party developers, and is pre-installed on devices that comply
with Google's compatibility requirements. The app filters the list of available
applications to those that are compatible with the user's device, and
developers may restrict their applications to particular carriers or countries
for business reasons. Purchases of unwanted applications can be refunded within
15 minutes of the time of download, and some carriers offer direct carrier
billing for Google Play application purchases, where the cost of the
application is added to the user's monthly bill. As of September 2012, there
were more than 675,000 apps available for Android, and the estimated number of
applications downloaded from the Play Store was 25 billion.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Applications are developed in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_%28programming_language%29" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> language using the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_software_development" title="Android software development">Android software development</a> kit
(SDK). The SDK includes a comprehensive set of development tools, including a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debugger" title="Debugger">debugger</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_library" title="Software library">software
libraries</a>, a handset <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulator" title="Emulator">emulator</a> based on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QEMU" title="QEMU">QEMU</a>, documentation,
sample code, and tutorials. The officially supported <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">integrated development environment</a>
(IDE) is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipse_%28software%29" title="Eclipse (software)">Eclipse</a> using the Android Development Tools
(ADT) plugin. Other development tools are available, including a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_development_kit" title="Native development kit">Native Development Kit</a> for applications or
extensions in C or C++, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_App_Inventor" title="Google App Inventor">Google App Inventor</a>, a visual environment for
novice programmers, and various <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_phone_web_based_application_framework" title="Multiple phone web based application framework">cross platform mobile
web applications frameworks</a>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">In order to work around limitations on
reaching Google services due to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Internet censorship in the People's Republic of China">Internet
censorship in the People's Republic of China</a>, Android devices sold in the
PRC are generally customized to use state approved services instead.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_%28operating_system%29#cite_note-59">[59]</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Development</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android is developed in private by Google
until the latest changes and updates are ready to be released, at which point
the source code is made available publicly. This source code will only run
without modification on select devices, usually the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Nexus" title="Google Nexus">Nexus</a>
series of devices. With others, there are proprietary <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binaries" title="Binaries">binaries</a> which
have to be provided by the manufacturer in order for Android to work.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Linux</span></div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Android-System-Architecture.svg"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Android-System-Architecture.svg/220px-Android-System-Architecture.svg.png" border="0" height="385" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.gif" width="665" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Android-System-Architecture.svg" title=""Enlarge" "><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="https://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf5/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" border="0" height="11" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.gif" width="15" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">ARCHITECTURE DIAGRAM</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android consists of a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_%28computing%29" title="Kernel (computing)">kernel</a> based on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux
kernel</a> version 2.6 and, from Android 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich onwards,
version 3.x, with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middleware" title="Middleware">middleware</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_library" title="Software library">libraries</a>
and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_programming_interface" title="Application programming interface">APIs</a> written in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_%28programming_language%29" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_software" title="Application software">application software</a> running on an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_framework" title="Application framework">application framework</a> which includes
Java-compatible libraries based on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Harmony" title="Apache Harmony">Apache
Harmony</a>. Android uses the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalvik_%28software%29" title="Dalvik (software)">Dalvik virtual machine</a> with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just-in-time_compilation" title="Just-in-time compilation">just-in-time compilation</a> to run Dalvik
'dex-code' (Dalvik Executable), which is usually translated from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_bytecode" title="Java bytecode">Java
bytecode</a>. The main hardware platform for Android is the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_architecture" title="ARM architecture">ARM
architecture</a>. There is support for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86</a> from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android-x86" title="Android-x86">Android-x86</a>
project,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_%28operating_system%29#cite_note-ARMAN-4.0-on-x86-9">[9]</a>
and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_TV" title="Google TV">Google
TV</a> uses a special x86 version of Android. In 2013, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freescale" title="Freescale">Freescale</a>
announced Android on its <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I.MX" title="I.MX">i.MX</a> processor, i.MX5X and i.MX6X series.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_%28operating_system%29#cite_note-freescale1-10">[10]</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android's Linux kernel has further
architecture changes by Google outside the typical Linux kernel development
cycle. Android does not have a native <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Window_System" title="X Window System">X
Window System</a> by default nor does it support the full set of standard <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a> libraries, and this
makes it difficult to port existing Linux applications or libraries to Android.
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Support for simple C and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_DirectMedia_Layer" title="Simple DirectMedia Layer">SDL</a> applications is possible by injection
of a small Java <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shim_%28computing%29" title="Shim (computing)">shim</a> and usage of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JNI" title="JNI">JNI</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_%28operating_system%29#cite_note-sdlandroid-66">[66]</a>
like, for example, in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagged_Alliance_2" title="Jagged Alliance 2">Jagged
Alliance 2</a> port for Android.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Certain features that Google contributed back
to the Linux kernel, notably a power management feature called
"wakelocks", were rejected by mainline kernel developers partly
because they felt that Google did not show any intent to maintain its own code.
Google announced in April 2010 that they would hire two employees to work with
the Linux kernel community, but <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Kroah-Hartman" title="Greg Kroah-Hartman">Greg Kroah-Hartman</a>, the current Linux kernel maintainer
for the stable branch, said in December 2010 that he was concerned that Google
was no longer trying to get their code changes included in mainstream Linux.
Some Google Android developers hinted that "the Android team was getting
fed up with the process," because they were a small team and had more
urgent work to do on Android.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">In August 2011, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Linus
Torvalds</a> said that "eventually Android and Linux would come back to a
common kernel, but it will probably not be for four to five years". In
December 2011, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Kroah-Hartman" title="Greg Kroah-Hartman">Greg Kroah-Hartman</a> announced the start of the
Android Mainlining Project, which aims to put some Android <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">drivers</a>,
patches and features back into the Linux kernel, starting in Linux 3.3. Linux
included the autosleep and wakelocks capabilities in the 3.5 kernel, after many
previous attempts at merger. The interfaces are the same but the upstream Linux
implementation allows for two different suspend modes: to memory (the
traditional suspend that Android uses), and to disk (hibernate, as it is known
on the desktop). The merger will be complete starting with Kernel 3.8, Google
has opened a public code repository that contains their experimental work to
re-base Android off Kernel 3.8.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_storage" title="Flash storage">flash
storage</a> on Android devices is split into several partitions, such as
"/system" for the operating system itself and "/data" for user
data and app installations. In contrast to desktop Linux distributions, Android
device owners are not given <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superuser" title="Superuser">root</a> access to the operating system and sensitive
partitions such as /systems are <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read-only_memory" title="Read-only memory">read-only</a>.
However, root access can be obtained by exploiting <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulnerability_%28computing%29" title="Vulnerability (computing)">security flaws</a> in Android, which is used
frequently by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_%28operating_system%29#Open_source_community">open
source community</a> to enhance the capabilities of their devices, but also by
malicious parties to install <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_virus" title="Computer virus">viruses</a>
and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malware" title="Malware">malware</a>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Whether or not Android counts as a Linux
distribution is a widely debated topic, with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_Foundation" title="Linux Foundation">Linux
Foundation</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_DiBona" title="Chris DiBona">Chris DiBona</a>, Google's open source chief, in favour.
Others, such as Google engineer Patrick Brady disagree, noting the lack of
support for many GNU tools, including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glibc" title="Glibc">glibc</a>, in Android.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Memory management</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Since Android devices are usually
battery-powered, Android is designed to manage memory (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random-access_memory" title="Random-access memory">RAM</a>) to keep power consumption at a minimum,
in contrast to desktop operating systems which generally assume they are
connected to unlimited <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricity" title="Mains electricity">mains electricity</a>. When an Android app is no
longer in use, the system will automatically suspend it in memory - while the
app is still technically "open," suspended apps consume no resources
(e.g. battery power or processing power) and sit idly in the background until
needed again. This has the dual benefit of increasing the general responsiveness
of Android devices, since apps don't need to be closed and reopened from
scratch each time, but also ensuring background apps don't waste power
needlessly.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android manages the apps stored in memory
automatically: when memory is low, the system will begin killing apps and
processes that have been inactive for a while, in reverse order since they were
last used (i.e. oldest first). This process is designed to be invisible to the
user, such that users do not need to manage memory or the killing of apps
themselves. However, confusion over Android memory management has resulted in
third-party task killers becoming popular on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Play" title="Google Play">Google
Play</a> store; these third-party task killers are generally regarded as doing
more harm than good.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Update schedule</span></div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:G1,_Nexus_One,_Nexus_S,_Galaxy_Nexus.jpg"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/G1%2C_Nexus_One%2C_Nexus_S%2C_Galaxy_Nexus.jpg/200px-G1%2C_Nexus_One%2C_Nexus_S%2C_Galaxy_Nexus.jpg" border="0" height="102" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image004.jpg" width="200" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:G1,_Nexus_One,_Nexus_S,_Galaxy_Nexus.jpg" title=""Enlarge" "><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="https://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf5/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" border="0" height="11" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.gif" width="15" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">From left to right: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTC_Dream" title="HTC Dream">HTC Dream (G1)</a>,
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexus_One" title="Nexus One">Nexus One</a>,
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexus_S" title="Nexus S">Nexus S</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy_Nexus" title="Galaxy Nexus">Galaxy
Nexus</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">See also: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_version_history" title="Android version history">Android version history</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Google provides major updates, incremental in
nature, to Android every six to nine months, which most devices are capable of
receiving <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over-the-air_programming" title="Over-the-air programming">over the air</a>. The latest major update is
Android 4.2 Jelly Bean.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Compared to its chief rival mobile operating
system, namely <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a>,
Android updates are typically slow to reach actual devices. For devices not
under the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Nexus" title="Google Nexus">Nexus</a> brand, updates often arrive months from the time
the given version is officially released. This is caused partly due to the
extensive variation in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">hardware</a> of Android devices, to which each update
must be specifically tailored, as the official Google source code only runs on
their flagship <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Nexus" title="Google Nexus">Nexus</a> devices. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porting" title="Porting">Porting</a> Android
to specific hardware is a time- and resource-consuming process for device
manufacturers, who prioritize their newest devices and often leave older ones
behind. Hence, older smartphones are frequently not updated if the manufacturer
decides it is not worth their time, regardless of whether the phone is capable
of running the update. This problem is compounded when manufacturers customize
Android with their own interface and apps, which must be reapplied to each new
release. Additional delays can be introduced by wireless carriers who, after
receiving updates from manufacturers, further customize and brand Android to
their needs and conduct extensive testing on their networks before sending the
update out to users.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The lack of after-sale support from
manufacturers and carriers has been widely criticised by consumer groups and
the technology media. Some commentators have noted that the industry has a
financial incentive not to update their devices, as the lack of updates for
existing devices fuels the purchase of newer ones, an attitude described as
"insulting". <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> has complained that the complicated
method of distribution for updates is only complicated because manufacturers
and carriers have designed it that way. In 2011, Google partnered with a number
of industry players to announce an "Android Update Alliance",
pledging to deliver timely updates for every device for 18 months after its
release. As of 2013, this alliance has never been mentioned since.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">OPEN SOURCE COMMUNITY</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android has an active community of developers
and enthusiasts who use the Android source code to develop and distribute their
own modified versions of the operating system. These community-developed
releases often bring new features and updates to devices faster than through
the official manufacturer/carrier channels, albeit without as extensive testing
or quality assurance; provide continued support for older devices that no
longer receive official updates; or bring Android to devices that were
officially released running other operating systems, such as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP_TouchPad" title="HP TouchPad">HP
TouchPad</a>. Community releases often come pre-<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_rooting" title="Android rooting">rooted</a>
and contain modifications unsuitable for non-technical users, such as the
ability to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overclock" title="Overclock">overclock</a>
or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_voltage_scaling" title="Dynamic voltage scaling">over/undervolt</a> the device's processor. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CyanogenMod" title="CyanogenMod">CyanogenMod</a>
is the most widely used community firmware, and acts as a foundation for
numerous others.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Historically, device manufacturers and mobile
carriers have typically been unsupportive of third-party <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmware" title="Firmware">firmware</a>
development. Manufacturers express concern about improper functioning of
devices running unofficial software and the support costs resulting from this.
Moreover, modified firmwares such as CyanogenMod sometimes offer features, such
as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tethering" title="Tethering">tethering</a>,
for which carriers would otherwise charge a premium. As a result, technical
obstacles including locked <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootloader" title="Bootloader">bootloaders</a> and restricted access to root permissions are
common in many devices. However, as community-developed software has grown more
popular, and following a statement by the Librarian of Congress in the United
States that permits the "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS_jailbreaking" title="IOS jailbreaking">jailbreaking</a>"
of mobile devices, manufacturers and carriers have softened their position
regarding third party development, with some, including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTC" title="HTC">HTC</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola" title="Motorola">Motorola</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Mobile_Communications" title="Sony Mobile Communications">Sony</a>, providing support and encouraging
development. As a result of this, over time the need to circumvent <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware_restrictions" title="Hardware restrictions">hardware restrictions</a> to install unofficial
firmware has lessened as an increasing number of devices are shipped with
unlocked or unlockable <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootloader" title="Bootloader">bootloaders</a>, similar to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Nexus" title="Google Nexus">Nexus</a>
series of phones, although usually requiring that users waive their devices'
warranties to do so. However, despite manufacturer acceptance, some carriers in
the US still require that phones are locked down.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The unlocking and "hackability" of
smartphones and tablets remains a source of tension between the community and
industry, with the community arguing that unofficial development is
increasingly important given the failure of industry to provide timely updates
and/or continued support to their devices.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">SECURITY AND PRIVACY</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android applications run in a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandbox_%28computer_security%29" title="Sandbox (computer security)">sandbox</a>, an isolated area of the system
that does not have access to the rest of the system's resources, unless access
permissions are explicitly granted by the user when the application is
installed. Before installing an application, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Play" title="Google Play">Play Store</a>
displays all required permissions: a game may need to enable vibration or save
data to an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SD_card" title="SD card">SD
card</a>, for example, but should not need to read SMS messages or access the
phonebook. After reviewing these permissions, the user can choose to accept or
refuse them, installing the application only if they accept.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The sandboxing and permissions system lessens
the impact of vulnerabilities and bugs in applications, but developer confusion
and limited documentation has resulted in applications routinely requesting
unnecessary permissions, reducing its effectiveness. Several security firms,
such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lookout_Mobile_Security" title="Lookout Mobile Security">Lookout Mobile Security</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AVG_Technologies" title="AVG Technologies">AVG
Technologies</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McAfee" title="McAfee">McAfee</a>, have released antivirus software for Android devices.
This software is ineffective as sandboxing also applies to such applications,
limiting their ability to scan the deeper system for threats.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Research from security company <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trend_Micro" title="Trend Micro">Trend
Micro</a> lists premium service abuse as the most common type of Android
malware, where text messages are sent from infected phones to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premium-rate_telephone_number" title="Premium-rate telephone number">premium-rate telephone numbers</a>
without the consent or even knowledge of the user. Other malware displays
unwanted and intrusive adverts on the device, or sends personal information to
unauthorised third parties. Security threats on Android are reportedly growing
exponentially; however, Google engineers have argued that the malware and virus
threat on Android is being exaggerated by security companies for commercial
reasons, and have accused the security industry of playing on fears to sell
virus protection software to users. Google maintains that dangerous malware is
actually extremely rare, and a survey conducted by F-Secure showed that only
0.5% of Android malware reported had come from the Google Play store.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Google currently uses their <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Bouncer" title="Google Bouncer">Google
Bouncer</a> malware scanner to watch over and scan the Google Play store apps.
It is intended to flag up suspicious apps and warn users of any potential issues
with an application before they download it. Android version 4.2 Jelly Bean was
released in 2012 with enhanced security features, including a malware scanner
built into the system, which works in combination with Google Play but can scan
apps installed from third party sources as well, and an alert system which
notifies the user when an app tries to send a premium-rate text message,
blocking the message unless the user explicitly authorises it.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android smartphones have the ability to
report the location of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a> access points, encountered as phone users move around, to
build databases containing the physical locations of hundreds of millions of
such access points. These databases form electronic maps to locate smartphones,
allowing them to run apps like <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foursquare" title="Foursquare">Foursquare</a>,
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Latitude" title="Google Latitude">Google
Latitude</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook_Places" title="Facebook Places">Facebook Places</a>, and to deliver location-based ads.
Third party monitoring software such as TaintDroid, an academic research-funded
project, can, in some cases, detect when personal information is being sent
from applications to remote servers.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The open source nature of Android allows
security contractors to take existing devices and adapt them for highly secure
uses. For example Samsung has worked with General Dynamics through their <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Kernel_Labs" title="Open Kernel Labs">Open
Kernel Labs</a> acquisition to rebuild Jelly Bean on top of their hardened
microvisor for the "Knox" project.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Licensing</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source
code</a> for Android is available under <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">free and open-source software</a>
licenses. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>
publishes most of the code (including network and telephony <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solution_stack" title="Solution stack">stacks</a>)
under the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_License" title="Apache License">Apache License</a> version 2.0, and the rest, Linux
kernel changes, under the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</a> version 2.
The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Handset_Alliance" title="Open Handset Alliance">Open Handset Alliance</a> develops the changes to
the Linux kernel, in public, with source code publicly available at all times.
The rest of Android is developed in private by Google, with source code
released publicly when a new version is released. Typically Google collaborates
with a hardware manufacturer to produce a 'flagship' device (part of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Nexus" title="Google Nexus">Google
Nexus</a> series) featuring the new version of Android, then makes the source
code available after that device has been released.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">In early 2011, Google chose to temporarily
withhold the Android source code to the tablet-only 3.0 Honeycomb release. The
reason, according to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Rubin" title="Andy Rubin">Andy Rubin</a> in an official Android blog post, was because
Honeycomb was rushed for production of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_Xoom" title="Motorola Xoom">Motorola
Xoom</a>, and they did not want third parties creating a "really bad user
experience" by attempting to put onto smartphones a version of Android
intended for tablets. The source code was once again made available in November
2011 with the release of Android 4.0.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Even though the software is open-source,
device manufacturers cannot use Google's Android trademark unless Google
certifies that the device complies with their Compatibility Definition Document
(CDD). Devices must also meet this definition to be eligible to license
Google's closed-source applications, including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Play" title="Google Play">Google
Play</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a> have been
critical of Android and have recommended the usage of alternatives such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replicant_%28operating_system%29" title="Replicant (operating system)">Replicant</a>, because drivers and
firmware vital for the proper functioning of Android devices are usually
proprietary, and because Google Play allows <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">non-free</a> software.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Reception</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android received a lukewarm reaction when it
was unveiled in 2007. Although analysts were impressed with the respected
technology companies that had partnered with Google to form the Open Handset
Alliance, it was unclear whether mobile phone manufacturers would be willing to
replace their existing operating systems with Android. The idea of an open
source, Linux-based <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">development platform</a> sparked interest, but there
were additional worries about Android facing strong competition from
established players in the smartphone market, such as Nokia and Microsoft, and
rival Linux mobile operating systems that were in development. These
established players were skeptical: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia" title="Nokia">Nokia</a> was quoted as
saying "we don't see this as a threat," and a member of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>'s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Mobile" title="Windows Mobile">Windows
Mobile</a> team stated "I don't understand the impact that they are going
to have."</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Since then Android has grown to become the
most widely used smartphone operating system and "one of the fastest
mobile experiences available." Reviewers have highlighted the open source
nature of the operating system as one of its defining strengths, allowing
companies such as Amazon (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindle_Fire" title="Kindle Fire">Kindle Fire</a>), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble" title="Barnes & Noble">Barnes
& Noble</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble_Nook" title="Barnes & Noble Nook">Nook</a>), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouya" title="Ouya">Ouya</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baidu" title="Baidu">Baidu</a>, and others to
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fork_%28software_development%29" title="Fork (software development)">fork</a> the software and release hardware
running their own customised version of Android. As a result, it has been
described by technology website <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars_Technica" title="Ars Technica">Ars
Technica</a> as "practically the default operating system for launching
new hardware" for companies without their own mobile platforms. This
openness and flexibility is also present at the level of the end user: Android
allows extensive customisation of devices by their owners and apps are freely
available from non-Google app stores and third party websites. These have been
cited as among the main advantages of Android phones over others.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Despite Android's popularity, including an
activation rate three times that of iOS, there have been reports that Google
has not been able to leverage their other products and web services
successfully to turn Android into the money maker that analysts had expected. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Verge" title="The Verge">The Verge</a>
suggested that Google is losing control of Android due to the extensive
customization and proliferation of non-Google apps and services - for instance
the Amazon <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindle_Fire" title="Kindle Fire">Kindle Fire</a> points users to the Amazon app store that
competes directly with the Google Play store. Google SVP <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Rubin" title="Andy Rubin">Andy Rubin</a>,
who was replaced as head of the Android division in March 2013, has been blamed
for failing to establish a lucrative partnership with cell phone makers. The
chief beneficiary of Android has been <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a>, whose <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy" title="Samsung Galaxy">Galaxy</a>
brand has surpassed that of Android in terms of brand recognition since 2011. Meanwhile
other Android manufacturers have struggled since 2011, such as LG, HTC, and
Google's own <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_Mobility" title="Motorola Mobility">Motorola Mobility</a> (whose partnership with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verizon_Wireless" title="Verizon Wireless">Verizon
Wireless</a> to push the "DROID" brand has faded since 2010).
Ironically, while Google directly earns nothing from the sale of each Android
device, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>
and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>
have successfully sued to extract patent royalty payments from Android handset
manufacturers.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tablets</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<img border="0" height="300" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image006.jpg" width="638" /><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Despite its success on smartphones, initially
Android tablet adoption was slow. One of the main causes was the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_or_the_egg" title="Chicken or the egg">chicken or the egg</a> situation where consumers
were hesitant to buy an Android tablet due to a lack of high quality tablet
apps, but developers were hesitant to spend time and resources developing
tablet apps until there was a significant market for them. The content and app
"ecosystem" proved more important than hardware <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specification_%28technical_standard%29" title="Specification (technical standard)">specs</a> as the selling point for
tablets. Due to the lack of Android tablet-specific apps in 2011, early Android
tablets had to make do with existing smartphone apps that were ill-suited to
larger screen sizes, whereas the dominance of Apple's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPad" title="IPad">iPad</a> was reinforced by
the large number of tablet-specific <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> apps.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Despite app support in its infancy, a
considerable number of Android tablets (alongside those using other operating
systems, such as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP_TouchPad" title="HP TouchPad">HP TouchPad</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlackBerry_PlayBook" title="BlackBerry PlayBook">BlackBerry PlayBook</a>) were rushed out to market
in an attempt to capitalize on the success of the iPad. InfoWorld has suggested
that some Android manufacturers initially treated their first tablets as a
"Frankenphone business", a short-term low-investment opportunity by
placing a smartphone-optimized Android OS (before Android 3.0 Honeycomb for
tablets was available) on a device while neglecting user interface. This
approach, such as with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Streak" title="Dell Streak">Dell Streak</a>, failed to gain market traction with
consumers as well as damaging the early reputation of Android tablets.
Furthermore, several Android tablets such as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_Xoom" title="Motorola Xoom">Motorola
Xoom</a> were priced the same or higher than the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPad" title="IPad">iPad</a>, which hurt
sales. An exception was the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com" title="Amazon.com">Amazon</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindle_Fire" title="Kindle Fire">Kindle Fire</a>, which relied upon lower pricing as well as
access to Amazon's ecosystem of apps and content.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">This began to change in 2012 with the release
of the affordable <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexus_7" title="Nexus 7">Nexus 7</a> and a push by Google for developers to write better
tablet apps. Android tablet market share surpassed the iPad's in Q3 2012.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Market share and rate of adoption</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Research Company Canalys estimated in the
second quarter of 2009 that Android had a 2.8% share of worldwide <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphone</a>
shipments. By the fourth quarter of 2010 this had grown to 33% of the market,
becoming the top-selling smartphone platform. By the third quarter of 2011 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gartner" title="Gartner">Gartner</a>
estimated that more than half (52.5%) of the smartphone market belongs to
Android. By the third quarter of 2012 Android had a 75% share of the global
smartphone market according to the research firm IDC.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">In July 2011, Google said that 550,000 new
Android devices were being activated every day, up from 400,000 per day in May,
and more than 100 million devices had been activated with 4.4% growth per week.
In September 2012, 500 million devices had been activated with 1.3 million
activations per day. In May 2013, at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_I/O" title="Google I/O">Google I/O</a>,
Sundar Pichai announced that 900 million Android devices had been activated.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android market share varies by location. In
July 2012, Android's market share in the United States was 52%, and rose to 90%
in China.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Usage share of Android versions</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Android_chart.png"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Android_chart.png/251px-Android_chart.png" border="0" height="246" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image008.gif" width="640" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Usage share of the different versions
collected during a 14-day period ending on May 1, 2013</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Usage share of the different versions as of
June 3, 2013.</span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<thead>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Version</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Code name</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Release date</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_programming_interface" title="Application programming interface">API</a> level</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Distribution (May 1, 2013)</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelly_Bean_%28operating_system%29" title="Jelly Bean (operating system)">4.2.x</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelly_Bean_%28operating_system%29" title="Jelly Bean (operating system)">Jelly Bean</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">November 13, 2012</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">17</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">4.0%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelly_Bean_%28operating_system%29" title="Jelly Bean (operating system)">4.1.x</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelly_Bean_%28operating_system%29" title="Jelly Bean (operating system)">Jelly Bean</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">July 9, 2012</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">16</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">29.0%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Cream_Sandwich_%28operating_system%29" title="Ice Cream Sandwich (operating system)">4.0.x</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Cream_Sandwich_%28operating_system%29" title="Ice Cream Sandwich (operating system)">Ice Cream Sandwich</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">December 16, 2011</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">15</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">25.6%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeycomb_%28operating_system%29" title="Honeycomb (operating system)">3.2</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeycomb_%28operating_system%29" title="Honeycomb (operating system)">Honeycomb</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">July 15, 2011</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">13</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">0.1%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeycomb_%28operating_system%29" title="Honeycomb (operating system)">3.1</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeycomb_%28operating_system%29" title="Honeycomb (operating system)">Honeycomb</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">May 10, 2011</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">12</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_2.3" title="Android 2.3">2.3.3–2.3.7</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_2.3" title="Android 2.3">Gingerbread</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">February 9, 2011</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">10</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">36.4%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_2.3" title="Android 2.3">2.3–2.3.2</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_2.3" title="Android 2.3">Gingerbread</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">December 6, 2010</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">9</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">0.1%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Froyo" title="Android Froyo">2.2</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Froyo" title="Android Froyo">Froyo</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">May 20, 2010</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">8</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3.2%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_version_history#Android_2.0.2C_2.1_Eclair" title="Android version history">2.0–2.1</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89clair_%28operating_system%29" title="Éclair (operating system)">Eclair</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">October 26, 2009</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">7</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1.5%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donut_%28operating_system%29" title="Donut (operating system)">1.6</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donut_%28operating_system%29" title="Donut (operating system)">Donut</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">September 15, 2009</span></div>
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<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">4</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">0.1%</span></div>
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<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 11; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1.5</span></div>
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<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Cupcake</span></div>
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<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">April 30, 2009</span></div>
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<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3</span></div>
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<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><br /></td>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Application piracy</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">There has been some concern about the ease
with which paid Android apps can be <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_infringement_of_software" title="Copyright infringement of software">pirated</a>. In a May 2012 interview
with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurogamer" title="Eurogamer">Eurogamer</a>,
the developers of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Manager" title="Football Manager">Football Manager</a> stated that the ratio of pirated
players vs legitimate players was 9:1 for their game Football Manager Handheld.
However, not every developer agreed that piracy rates were an issue; for
example, in July 2012 the developers of the game Wind-up Knight said that
piracy levels of their game were only 12%, and most of the piracy came from
China, where people cannot purchase apps from Google Play.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">In 2010, Google released a tool for
validating authorised purchases for use within apps, but developers complained
that this was insufficient and trivial to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_cracking" title="Software cracking">crack</a>.
Google responded that the tool, especially its initial release, was intended as
a sample framework for developers to modify and build upon depending on their
needs, not as a finished security solution. In 2012 Google released a feature
in Android 4.1 that encrypted paid applications so that they would only work on
the device on which they were purchased, but this feature has been temporarily
deactivated due to technical issues.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Copyrights and patents</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Further information: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_v._Google" title="Oracle v. Google">Oracle
v. Google</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone_wars" title="Smartphone wars">Smartphone wars</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent_troll" title="Patent troll">Patent
troll</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Both Android and Android phone manufacturers
have been involved in numerous patent lawsuits. On August 12, 2010, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle</a> sued Google over claimed infringement of
copyrights and patents related to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_%28programming_language%29" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> programming language. Oracle
originally sought damages up to $6.1 billion, but this valuation was rejected
by a United States federal judge who asked Oracle to revise the estimate. In
response, Google submitted multiple lines of defense, counterclaiming that
Android did not infringe on Oracle's patents or copyright, that Oracle's
patents were invalid, and several other defenses. They said that Android is
based on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Harmony" title="Apache Harmony">Apache Harmony</a>, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_room_design" title="Clean room design">clean
room</a> implementation of the Java class libraries, and an independently
developed virtual machine called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalvik_%28software%29" title="Dalvik (software)">Dalvik</a>. In May 2012 the jury in this case found
that Google did not infringe on Oracle's patents, and the trial judge ruled
that the structure of the Java APIs used by Google was not copyrightable.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">In addition to lawsuits against Google
directly, various <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxy_war" title="Proxy war">proxy wars</a> have been waged against Android indirectly by
targeting manufacturers of Android devices, with the effect of discouraging
manufacturers from adopting the platform by increasing the costs of bringing an
Android device to market. Both <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>
and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>
have sued several manufacturers for patent infringement, with Apple's ongoing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc._v._Samsung_Electronics_Co.,_Ltd." title="Apple Inc. v. Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.">legal action against
Samsung</a> being a particularly high-profile case. In October 2011 Microsoft
said they had signed patent license agreements with ten Android device
manufacturers, whose products account for 55% of the worldwide revenue for
Android devices. These include <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTC" title="HTC">HTC</a>. Samsung's patent settlement with Microsoft includes an
agreement that Samsung will allocate more resources to developing and marketing
phones running Microsoft's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Phone" title="Windows Phone">Windows Phone</a> operating system.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Google has publicly expressed its frustration
for the current patent landscape in the United States, accusing Apple, Oracle
and Microsoft of trying to take down Android through patent litigation, rather
than innovating and competing with better products and services. In 2011–12,
Google purchased <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_Mobility" title="Motorola Mobility">Motorola Mobility</a> for US$12.5 billion, which was
viewed in part as a defensive measure to protect Android, since Motorola
Mobility held more than 17,000 patents. In December 2011 Google bought over a
thousand patents from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">BEYOND SMARTPHONES AND TABLETS</span></b></div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SmartWatch_MN2_auf_der_Internationalen_Funkausstellung_2012_in_Berlin_1_PD.JPG"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/SmartWatch_MN2_auf_der_Internationalen_Funkausstellung_2012_in_Berlin_1_PD.JPG/150px-SmartWatch_MN2_auf_der_Internationalen_Funkausstellung_2012_in_Berlin_1_PD.JPG" border="0" height="227" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image010.jpg" width="498" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The open and customizable nature of Android
allows it to be used on other electronics, including laptops and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netbook" title="Netbook">netbooks</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartbook" title="Smartbook">smartbooks</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_TV" title="Smart TV">smart TVs</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_TV" title="Google TV">Google TV</a>)
and cameras (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikon_Coolpix_S800c" title="Nikon Coolpix S800c">Nikon Coolpix S800c</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy_Camera" title="Galaxy Camera">Galaxy
Camera</a>). In addition, the Android operating system has seen applications on
smart glasses (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Glass" title="Google Glass">Google Glass</a>), wristwatches, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headphones" title="Headphones">headphones</a>,
car CD and DVD players, mirrors, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_media_player" title="Portable media player">portable media players</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landline" title="Landline">landlines</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VoIP_phone" title="VoIP phone">Voice over
IP phones</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouya" title="Ouya">Ouya</a>,
an upcoming videogames console running Android, became one of the most
successful <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kickstarter" title="Kickstarter">Kickstarter</a> campaigns, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowdfunding" title="Crowdfunding">crowdfunding</a>
US$8.5m for its development, and was later followed by other Android-based
video games consoles such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Shield" title="Project Shield">Project
Shield</a> from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nvidia" title="Nvidia">Nvidia</a>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">In 2011, Google demonstrated
"Android@Home", a new home automaton technology which uses Android to
control a range of household devices including light switches, power sockets
and thermostats. Prototype light bulbs were announced that could be controlled
from an Android phone or tablet, but Android head Andy Rubin was cautious to
note that "turning a lightbulb on and off is nothing new," pointing
to numerous failed home automation services. Google, he said, was thinking more
ambitiously and the intention was to use their position as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">cloud</a>
services provider to bring Google products into customers' homes.</span></div>
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<![endif]--><br />SHOBUFF TECHNICAL COMPANY (SHOBTECH)http://www.blogger.com/profile/12751760050921332688noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4796030013467592005.post-62348994761609888902013-06-05T19:01:00.001+01:002013-06-05T19:01:09.230+01:00GENESIS OF ANDROIDS OPERATING SYSTEM<!--[if !mso]>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>-based <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_operating_system" title="Mobile operating system">operating system</a> designed primarily for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touchscreen" title="Touchscreen">touchscreen</a>
mobile devices such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">tablet
computers</a>. Initially developed by Android, Inc., which <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> backed
financially and later bought in 2005, Android was unveiled in 2007 along with
the founding of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Handset_Alliance" title="Open Handset Alliance">Open Handset Alliance</a>: a consortium of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">hardware</a>,
software, and telecommunication companies devoted to advancing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_standard" title="Open standard">open
standards</a> for mobile devices. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTC_Dream" title="HTC Dream">first
Android-powered phone</a> was sold in October 2008.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source">open
source</a> and Google releases the code under the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_License" title="Apache License">Apache
License</a>. This open source code and permissive licensing allows the software
to be freely modified and distributed by device manufacturers, wireless
carriers and enthusiast developers. Additionally, Android has a large community
of developers writing applications ("<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_app" title="Mobile app">apps</a>")
that extend the functionality of devices, written primarily in a customized
version of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_%28programming_language%29" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> programming language. In October
2012, there were approximately 700,000 apps available for Android, and the
estimated number of applications downloaded from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Play" title="Google Play">Google Play</a>,
Android's primary app store, was 25 billion.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">These factors have contributed towards making
Android the world's most widely used smartphone platform, overtaking <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbian" title="Symbian">Symbian</a> in the
fourth quarter of 2010, and the software of choice for technology companies who
require a low-cost, customizable, lightweight operating system for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_tech" title="High tech">high tech</a>
devices without developing one from scratch. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As a result, despite being primarily designed
for phones and tablets, it has seen additional applications on televisions, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Games_console" title="Games console">games
consoles</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital cameras</a> and other electronics. Android's
open nature has further encouraged a large community of developers and
enthusiasts to use the open source code as a foundation for community-driven
projects, which add new features for advanced users or bring Android to devices
which were officially released running other operating systems.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android had a worldwide smartphone market
share of 75% during the third quarter of 2012, with 750 million devices activated
in total and 1.5 million activations per day. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The operating system's success has made it a
target for patent litigation as part of the so-called "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone_wars" title="Smartphone wars">smartphone
wars</a>" between technology companies. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As of May 2013, a total of 900 million Android
devices have been activated and 48 billion apps have been installed from the
Google Play store. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 28.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">HISTORY</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android, Inc. was founded in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_Alto,_California" title="Palo Alto, California">Palo Alto, California</a> in October 2003 by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Rubin" title="Andy Rubin">Andy Rubin</a>
(co-founder of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danger_%28company%29" title="Danger (company)">Danger</a>), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Miner" title="Rich Miner">Rich Miner</a>
(co-founder of Wildfire Communications, Inc.), Nick Sears <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(once VP at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Mobile_USA" title="T-Mobile USA">T-Mobile</a>),
and Chris White (headed design and interface development at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebTV" title="WebTV">WebTV</a>) to develop,
in Rubin's words "smarter mobile devices that are more aware of its
owner's location and preferences". The early intentions of the company
were to develop an advanced operating system for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital
cameras</a>, when it was realised that the market for the devices was not large
enough, and diverted their efforts to producing a smartphone operating system
to rival those of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbian" title="Symbian">Symbian</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Mobile" title="Windows Mobile">Windows
Mobile</a> (Apple's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a> had not been released at the time). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Despite the past accomplishments of the
founders and early employees, Android Inc. operated secretly, revealing only
that it was working on software for mobile phones. That same year, Rubin ran
out of money. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Perlman" title="Steve Perlman">Steve Perlman</a>, a close friend of Rubin, brought him
$10,000 in cash in an envelope and refused a stake in the company.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> acquired Android Inc. on August 17, 2005, making it a
wholly owned subsidiary of Google. Key employees of Android Inc., including
Rubin, Miner and White, stayed at the company after the acquisition. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Not much was known about Android Inc. at the
time, but many assumed that Google was planning to enter the mobile phone
market with this move. At Google, the team led by Rubin developed a mobile
device platform powered by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux
kernel</a>. Google marketed the platform to handset makers and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_network_operator" title="Mobile network operator">carriers</a> on the promise of providing a
flexible, upgradable system. Google had lined up a series of hardware component
and software partners and signaled to carriers that it was open to various
degrees of cooperation on their part.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_%28operating_system%29#cite_note-EngadgetMobileOS-35">[35]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_%28operating_system%29#cite_note-WSJ-36">[36]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_%28operating_system%29#cite_note-DT-37">[37]</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Speculation about Google's intention to enter
the mobile communications market continued to build through December 2006. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Reports from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal" title="Wall Street Journal">Wall Street Journal</a> noted that Google wanted
its search and applications on mobile phones and it was working hard to deliver
that. Print and online media outlets soon reported rumors that Google was
developing a Google-branded <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handset#Telephony" title="Handset">handset</a>.
Some speculated that as Google was defining technical specifications, it was
showing prototypes to cell phone manufacturers and network operators. In
September 2007, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InformationWeek" title="InformationWeek">InformationWeek</a> covered an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evalueserve" title="Evalueserve">Evalueserve</a>
study reporting that Google had filed several patent applications in the area
of mobile telephony.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">On November 5, 2007, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Handset_Alliance" title="Open Handset Alliance">Open Handset Alliance</a>, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consortium" title="Consortium">consortium</a>
of technology companies including Google, device manufacturers such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTC" title="HTC">HTC</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a>,
wireless carriers such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprint_Nextel" title="Sprint Nextel">Sprint Nextel</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Mobile" title="T-Mobile">T-Mobile</a>, and
chipset makers such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualcomm" title="Qualcomm">Qualcomm</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Instruments" title="Texas Instruments">Texas
Instruments</a>, unveiled itself, with a goal to develop <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_standard" title="Open standard">open
standards</a> for mobile devices. That day, Android was unveiled as its first
product, a mobile device <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">platform</a> built on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux
kernel</a> version 2.6. The first commercially available phone to run Android
was the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTC_Dream" title="HTC Dream">HTC
Dream</a>, released on October 22, 2008.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Since 2008, Android has seen <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_version_history" title="Android version history">numerous updates</a> which have incrementally
improved the operating system, adding new features and fixing bugs in previous
releases. Each major release is named in alphabetical order after a dessert or
sugary treat; for example, version 1.5 Cupcake was followed by 1.6 Donut. The
latest release is 4.2 Jelly Bean. In 2010, Google launched its <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Nexus" title="Google Nexus">Nexus</a>
series of devices—a line of smartphones and tablets running the Android
operating system, and built by a manufacturer partner. HTC collaborated with
Google to release the first Nexus smartphone, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexus_One" title="Nexus One">Nexus One</a>.
The series has since been updated with newer devices, such as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexus_4" title="Nexus 4">Nexus 4</a>
phone and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexus_10" title="Nexus 10">Nexus 10</a>
tablet, made by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LG" title="LG">LG</a> and
Samsung, respectively. Google releases the Nexus phones and tablets to act as
their <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagship#Flagship_as_metaphor" title="Flagship">flagship</a> Android devices, demonstrating Android's latest
software and hardware features.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">On 13 March 2013, it was announced by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Page" title="Larry Page">Larry Page</a>
in a blog post that Andy Rubin had moved from the Android division to take on
new projects at Google. He was replaced by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundar_Pichai" title="Sundar Pichai">Sundar
Pichai</a>, who also continues his role as the head of Google's Chrome
division, which develops <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Chrome_OS" title="Google Chrome OS">Chrome
OS</a>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Interface</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android's user interface is based on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_manipulation_interface" title="Direct manipulation interface">direct manipulation</a>, using touch
inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions, like swiping, tapping,
pinching and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The response to user input is designed to be
immediate and provides a fluid touch interface, often using the vibration
capabilities of the device to provide <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haptic_feedback" title="Haptic feedback">haptic
feedback</a> to the user. Internal hardware such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerometer" title="Accelerometer">accelerometers</a>,
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyroscope" title="Gyroscope">gyroscopes</a>
and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proximity_sensor" title="Proximity sensor">proximity sensors</a> are used by some applications to
respond to additional user actions, for example adjusting the screen from
portrait to landscape depending on how the device is oriented, or allowing the
user to steer a vehicle in a racing game by rotating the device, simulating
control of a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering_wheel" title="Steering wheel">steering wheel</a>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android devices boot to the homescreen, the
primary navigation and information point on the device, which is similar to the
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_metaphor" title="Desktop metaphor">desktop</a> found on PCs. Android homescreens are
typically made up of app icons and widgets; app icons launch the associated
app, whereas widgets display live, auto-updating content such as the weather
forecast, the user's email inbox, or a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_ticker" title="News ticker">news
ticker</a> directly on the homescreen. A homescreen may be made up of several
pages that the user can swipe back and forth between, though Android's
homescreen interface is heavily customisable, allowing the user to adjust the
look and feel of the device to their tastes. Third party apps available on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Play" title="Google Play">Google
Play</a> and other app stores can extensively re-<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theme_%28computing%29" title="Theme (computing)">theme</a> the homescreen, and even mimic the look of
other operating systems, such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Phone" title="Windows Phone">Windows
Phone</a>. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Most manufacturers, and some <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone_operator" title="Mobile phone operator">wireless carriers</a>, customise the look and
feel of their Android devices to differentiate themselves from their
competitors.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_%28operating_system%29#cite_note-49">[49]</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Present along the top of the screen is a
status bar, showing information about the device and its connectivity. This status
bar can be "pulled" down to reveal a notification screen where apps
display important information or updates, such as a newly received email or SMS
text, in a way that does not immediately interrupt or inconvenience the user. In
early versions of Android these notifications could be tapped to open the
relevant app, but recent updates have provided enhanced functionality, such as
the ability to call a number back directly from the missed call notification
without having to open the dialer app first. Notifications are persistent until
read or dismissed by the user.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">APPLICATIONS</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android has a growing selection of third
party applications, which can be acquired by users either through an app store
such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Play" title="Google Play">Google
Play</a> or the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Appstore" title="Amazon Appstore">Amazon Appstore</a>, or by downloading and installing
the application's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APK_%28file_format%29" title="APK (file format)">APK</a> file from a third-party site. The Play Store
application allows users to browse, download and update apps published by
Google and third-party developers, and is pre-installed on devices that comply
with Google's compatibility requirements. The app filters the list of available
applications to those that are compatible with the user's device, and
developers may restrict their applications to particular carriers or countries
for business reasons. Purchases of unwanted applications can be refunded within
15 minutes of the time of download, and some carriers offer direct carrier
billing for Google Play application purchases, where the cost of the
application is added to the user's monthly bill. As of September 2012, there
were more than 675,000 apps available for Android, and the estimated number of
applications downloaded from the Play Store was 25 billion.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Applications are developed in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_%28programming_language%29" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> language using the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_software_development" title="Android software development">Android software development</a> kit
(SDK). The SDK includes a comprehensive set of development tools, including a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debugger" title="Debugger">debugger</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_library" title="Software library">software
libraries</a>, a handset <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulator" title="Emulator">emulator</a> based on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QEMU" title="QEMU">QEMU</a>, documentation,
sample code, and tutorials. The officially supported <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">integrated development environment</a>
(IDE) is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipse_%28software%29" title="Eclipse (software)">Eclipse</a> using the Android Development Tools
(ADT) plugin. Other development tools are available, including a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_development_kit" title="Native development kit">Native Development Kit</a> for applications or
extensions in C or C++, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_App_Inventor" title="Google App Inventor">Google App Inventor</a>, a visual environment for
novice programmers, and various <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_phone_web_based_application_framework" title="Multiple phone web based application framework">cross platform mobile
web applications frameworks</a>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">In order to work around limitations on
reaching Google services due to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Internet censorship in the People's Republic of China">Internet
censorship in the People's Republic of China</a>, Android devices sold in the
PRC are generally customized to use state approved services instead.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_%28operating_system%29#cite_note-59">[59]</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Development</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android is developed in private by Google
until the latest changes and updates are ready to be released, at which point
the source code is made available publicly. This source code will only run
without modification on select devices, usually the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Nexus" title="Google Nexus">Nexus</a>
series of devices. With others, there are proprietary <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binaries" title="Binaries">binaries</a> which
have to be provided by the manufacturer in order for Android to work.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Linux</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Android-System-Architecture.svg"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Android-System-Architecture.svg/220px-Android-System-Architecture.svg.png" border="0" height="385" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.gif" width="665" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Android-System-Architecture.svg" title=""Enlarge" "><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="https://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf5/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" border="0" height="11" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.gif" width="15" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">ARCHITECTURE DIAGRAM</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android consists of a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_%28computing%29" title="Kernel (computing)">kernel</a> based on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux
kernel</a> version 2.6 and, from Android 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich onwards,
version 3.x, with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middleware" title="Middleware">middleware</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_library" title="Software library">libraries</a>
and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_programming_interface" title="Application programming interface">APIs</a> written in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_%28programming_language%29" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_software" title="Application software">application software</a> running on an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_framework" title="Application framework">application framework</a> which includes
Java-compatible libraries based on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Harmony" title="Apache Harmony">Apache
Harmony</a>. Android uses the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalvik_%28software%29" title="Dalvik (software)">Dalvik virtual machine</a> with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just-in-time_compilation" title="Just-in-time compilation">just-in-time compilation</a> to run Dalvik
'dex-code' (Dalvik Executable), which is usually translated from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_bytecode" title="Java bytecode">Java
bytecode</a>. The main hardware platform for Android is the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_architecture" title="ARM architecture">ARM
architecture</a>. There is support for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86</a> from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android-x86" title="Android-x86">Android-x86</a>
project,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_%28operating_system%29#cite_note-ARMAN-4.0-on-x86-9">[9]</a>
and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_TV" title="Google TV">Google
TV</a> uses a special x86 version of Android. In 2013, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freescale" title="Freescale">Freescale</a>
announced Android on its <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I.MX" title="I.MX">i.MX</a> processor, i.MX5X and i.MX6X series.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_%28operating_system%29#cite_note-freescale1-10">[10]</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android's Linux kernel has further
architecture changes by Google outside the typical Linux kernel development
cycle. Android does not have a native <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Window_System" title="X Window System">X
Window System</a> by default nor does it support the full set of standard <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a> libraries, and this
makes it difficult to port existing Linux applications or libraries to Android.
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Support for simple C and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_DirectMedia_Layer" title="Simple DirectMedia Layer">SDL</a> applications is possible by injection
of a small Java <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shim_%28computing%29" title="Shim (computing)">shim</a> and usage of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JNI" title="JNI">JNI</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_%28operating_system%29#cite_note-sdlandroid-66">[66]</a>
like, for example, in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagged_Alliance_2" title="Jagged Alliance 2">Jagged
Alliance 2</a> port for Android.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Certain features that Google contributed back
to the Linux kernel, notably a power management feature called
"wakelocks", were rejected by mainline kernel developers partly
because they felt that Google did not show any intent to maintain its own code.
Google announced in April 2010 that they would hire two employees to work with
the Linux kernel community, but <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Kroah-Hartman" title="Greg Kroah-Hartman">Greg Kroah-Hartman</a>, the current Linux kernel maintainer
for the stable branch, said in December 2010 that he was concerned that Google
was no longer trying to get their code changes included in mainstream Linux.
Some Google Android developers hinted that "the Android team was getting
fed up with the process," because they were a small team and had more
urgent work to do on Android.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">In August 2011, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Linus
Torvalds</a> said that "eventually Android and Linux would come back to a
common kernel, but it will probably not be for four to five years". In
December 2011, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Kroah-Hartman" title="Greg Kroah-Hartman">Greg Kroah-Hartman</a> announced the start of the
Android Mainlining Project, which aims to put some Android <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">drivers</a>,
patches and features back into the Linux kernel, starting in Linux 3.3. Linux
included the autosleep and wakelocks capabilities in the 3.5 kernel, after many
previous attempts at merger. The interfaces are the same but the upstream Linux
implementation allows for two different suspend modes: to memory (the
traditional suspend that Android uses), and to disk (hibernate, as it is known
on the desktop). The merger will be complete starting with Kernel 3.8, Google
has opened a public code repository that contains their experimental work to
re-base Android off Kernel 3.8.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_storage" title="Flash storage">flash
storage</a> on Android devices is split into several partitions, such as
"/system" for the operating system itself and "/data" for user
data and app installations. In contrast to desktop Linux distributions, Android
device owners are not given <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superuser" title="Superuser">root</a> access to the operating system and sensitive
partitions such as /systems are <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read-only_memory" title="Read-only memory">read-only</a>.
However, root access can be obtained by exploiting <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulnerability_%28computing%29" title="Vulnerability (computing)">security flaws</a> in Android, which is used
frequently by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_%28operating_system%29#Open_source_community">open
source community</a> to enhance the capabilities of their devices, but also by
malicious parties to install <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_virus" title="Computer virus">viruses</a>
and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malware" title="Malware">malware</a>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Whether or not Android counts as a Linux
distribution is a widely debated topic, with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_Foundation" title="Linux Foundation">Linux
Foundation</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_DiBona" title="Chris DiBona">Chris DiBona</a>, Google's open source chief, in favour.
Others, such as Google engineer Patrick Brady disagree, noting the lack of
support for many GNU tools, including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glibc" title="Glibc">glibc</a>, in Android.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Memory management</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Since Android devices are usually
battery-powered, Android is designed to manage memory (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random-access_memory" title="Random-access memory">RAM</a>) to keep power consumption at a minimum,
in contrast to desktop operating systems which generally assume they are
connected to unlimited <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricity" title="Mains electricity">mains electricity</a>. When an Android app is no
longer in use, the system will automatically suspend it in memory - while the
app is still technically "open," suspended apps consume no resources
(e.g. battery power or processing power) and sit idly in the background until
needed again. This has the dual benefit of increasing the general responsiveness
of Android devices, since apps don't need to be closed and reopened from
scratch each time, but also ensuring background apps don't waste power
needlessly.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android manages the apps stored in memory
automatically: when memory is low, the system will begin killing apps and
processes that have been inactive for a while, in reverse order since they were
last used (i.e. oldest first). This process is designed to be invisible to the
user, such that users do not need to manage memory or the killing of apps
themselves. However, confusion over Android memory management has resulted in
third-party task killers becoming popular on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Play" title="Google Play">Google
Play</a> store; these third-party task killers are generally regarded as doing
more harm than good.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Update schedule</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:G1,_Nexus_One,_Nexus_S,_Galaxy_Nexus.jpg"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/G1%2C_Nexus_One%2C_Nexus_S%2C_Galaxy_Nexus.jpg/200px-G1%2C_Nexus_One%2C_Nexus_S%2C_Galaxy_Nexus.jpg" border="0" height="102" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image004.jpg" width="200" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:G1,_Nexus_One,_Nexus_S,_Galaxy_Nexus.jpg" title=""Enlarge" "><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="https://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf5/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" border="0" height="11" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.gif" width="15" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">From left to right: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTC_Dream" title="HTC Dream">HTC Dream (G1)</a>,
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexus_One" title="Nexus One">Nexus One</a>,
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexus_S" title="Nexus S">Nexus S</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy_Nexus" title="Galaxy Nexus">Galaxy
Nexus</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">See also: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_version_history" title="Android version history">Android version history</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Google provides major updates, incremental in
nature, to Android every six to nine months, which most devices are capable of
receiving <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over-the-air_programming" title="Over-the-air programming">over the air</a>. The latest major update is
Android 4.2 Jelly Bean.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Compared to its chief rival mobile operating
system, namely <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a>,
Android updates are typically slow to reach actual devices. For devices not
under the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Nexus" title="Google Nexus">Nexus</a> brand, updates often arrive months from the time
the given version is officially released. This is caused partly due to the
extensive variation in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">hardware</a> of Android devices, to which each update
must be specifically tailored, as the official Google source code only runs on
their flagship <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Nexus" title="Google Nexus">Nexus</a> devices. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porting" title="Porting">Porting</a> Android
to specific hardware is a time- and resource-consuming process for device
manufacturers, who prioritize their newest devices and often leave older ones
behind. Hence, older smartphones are frequently not updated if the manufacturer
decides it is not worth their time, regardless of whether the phone is capable
of running the update. This problem is compounded when manufacturers customize
Android with their own interface and apps, which must be reapplied to each new
release. Additional delays can be introduced by wireless carriers who, after
receiving updates from manufacturers, further customize and brand Android to
their needs and conduct extensive testing on their networks before sending the
update out to users.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The lack of after-sale support from
manufacturers and carriers has been widely criticised by consumer groups and
the technology media. Some commentators have noted that the industry has a
financial incentive not to update their devices, as the lack of updates for
existing devices fuels the purchase of newer ones, an attitude described as
"insulting". <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> has complained that the complicated
method of distribution for updates is only complicated because manufacturers
and carriers have designed it that way. In 2011, Google partnered with a number
of industry players to announce an "Android Update Alliance",
pledging to deliver timely updates for every device for 18 months after its
release. As of 2013, this alliance has never been mentioned since.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">OPEN SOURCE COMMUNITY</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android has an active community of developers
and enthusiasts who use the Android source code to develop and distribute their
own modified versions of the operating system. These community-developed
releases often bring new features and updates to devices faster than through
the official manufacturer/carrier channels, albeit without as extensive testing
or quality assurance; provide continued support for older devices that no
longer receive official updates; or bring Android to devices that were
officially released running other operating systems, such as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP_TouchPad" title="HP TouchPad">HP
TouchPad</a>. Community releases often come pre-<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_rooting" title="Android rooting">rooted</a>
and contain modifications unsuitable for non-technical users, such as the
ability to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overclock" title="Overclock">overclock</a>
or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_voltage_scaling" title="Dynamic voltage scaling">over/undervolt</a> the device's processor. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CyanogenMod" title="CyanogenMod">CyanogenMod</a>
is the most widely used community firmware, and acts as a foundation for
numerous others.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Historically, device manufacturers and mobile
carriers have typically been unsupportive of third-party <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmware" title="Firmware">firmware</a>
development. Manufacturers express concern about improper functioning of
devices running unofficial software and the support costs resulting from this.
Moreover, modified firmwares such as CyanogenMod sometimes offer features, such
as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tethering" title="Tethering">tethering</a>,
for which carriers would otherwise charge a premium. As a result, technical
obstacles including locked <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootloader" title="Bootloader">bootloaders</a> and restricted access to root permissions are
common in many devices. However, as community-developed software has grown more
popular, and following a statement by the Librarian of Congress in the United
States that permits the "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS_jailbreaking" title="IOS jailbreaking">jailbreaking</a>"
of mobile devices, manufacturers and carriers have softened their position
regarding third party development, with some, including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTC" title="HTC">HTC</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola" title="Motorola">Motorola</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Mobile_Communications" title="Sony Mobile Communications">Sony</a>, providing support and encouraging
development. As a result of this, over time the need to circumvent <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware_restrictions" title="Hardware restrictions">hardware restrictions</a> to install unofficial
firmware has lessened as an increasing number of devices are shipped with
unlocked or unlockable <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootloader" title="Bootloader">bootloaders</a>, similar to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Nexus" title="Google Nexus">Nexus</a>
series of phones, although usually requiring that users waive their devices'
warranties to do so. However, despite manufacturer acceptance, some carriers in
the US still require that phones are locked down.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The unlocking and "hackability" of
smartphones and tablets remains a source of tension between the community and
industry, with the community arguing that unofficial development is
increasingly important given the failure of industry to provide timely updates
and/or continued support to their devices.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">SECURITY AND PRIVACY</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android applications run in a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandbox_%28computer_security%29" title="Sandbox (computer security)">sandbox</a>, an isolated area of the system
that does not have access to the rest of the system's resources, unless access
permissions are explicitly granted by the user when the application is
installed. Before installing an application, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Play" title="Google Play">Play Store</a>
displays all required permissions: a game may need to enable vibration or save
data to an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SD_card" title="SD card">SD
card</a>, for example, but should not need to read SMS messages or access the
phonebook. After reviewing these permissions, the user can choose to accept or
refuse them, installing the application only if they accept.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The sandboxing and permissions system lessens
the impact of vulnerabilities and bugs in applications, but developer confusion
and limited documentation has resulted in applications routinely requesting
unnecessary permissions, reducing its effectiveness. Several security firms,
such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lookout_Mobile_Security" title="Lookout Mobile Security">Lookout Mobile Security</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AVG_Technologies" title="AVG Technologies">AVG
Technologies</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McAfee" title="McAfee">McAfee</a>, have released antivirus software for Android devices.
This software is ineffective as sandboxing also applies to such applications,
limiting their ability to scan the deeper system for threats.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Research from security company <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trend_Micro" title="Trend Micro">Trend
Micro</a> lists premium service abuse as the most common type of Android
malware, where text messages are sent from infected phones to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premium-rate_telephone_number" title="Premium-rate telephone number">premium-rate telephone numbers</a>
without the consent or even knowledge of the user. Other malware displays
unwanted and intrusive adverts on the device, or sends personal information to
unauthorised third parties. Security threats on Android are reportedly growing
exponentially; however, Google engineers have argued that the malware and virus
threat on Android is being exaggerated by security companies for commercial
reasons, and have accused the security industry of playing on fears to sell
virus protection software to users. Google maintains that dangerous malware is
actually extremely rare, and a survey conducted by F-Secure showed that only
0.5% of Android malware reported had come from the Google Play store.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Google currently uses their <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Bouncer" title="Google Bouncer">Google
Bouncer</a> malware scanner to watch over and scan the Google Play store apps.
It is intended to flag up suspicious apps and warn users of any potential issues
with an application before they download it. Android version 4.2 Jelly Bean was
released in 2012 with enhanced security features, including a malware scanner
built into the system, which works in combination with Google Play but can scan
apps installed from third party sources as well, and an alert system which
notifies the user when an app tries to send a premium-rate text message,
blocking the message unless the user explicitly authorises it.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android smartphones have the ability to
report the location of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a> access points, encountered as phone users move around, to
build databases containing the physical locations of hundreds of millions of
such access points. These databases form electronic maps to locate smartphones,
allowing them to run apps like <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foursquare" title="Foursquare">Foursquare</a>,
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Latitude" title="Google Latitude">Google
Latitude</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook_Places" title="Facebook Places">Facebook Places</a>, and to deliver location-based ads.
Third party monitoring software such as TaintDroid, an academic research-funded
project, can, in some cases, detect when personal information is being sent
from applications to remote servers.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The open source nature of Android allows
security contractors to take existing devices and adapt them for highly secure
uses. For example Samsung has worked with General Dynamics through their <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Kernel_Labs" title="Open Kernel Labs">Open
Kernel Labs</a> acquisition to rebuild Jelly Bean on top of their hardened
microvisor for the "Knox" project.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Licensing</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source
code</a> for Android is available under <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">free and open-source software</a>
licenses. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>
publishes most of the code (including network and telephony <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solution_stack" title="Solution stack">stacks</a>)
under the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_License" title="Apache License">Apache License</a> version 2.0, and the rest, Linux
kernel changes, under the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</a> version 2.
The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Handset_Alliance" title="Open Handset Alliance">Open Handset Alliance</a> develops the changes to
the Linux kernel, in public, with source code publicly available at all times.
The rest of Android is developed in private by Google, with source code
released publicly when a new version is released. Typically Google collaborates
with a hardware manufacturer to produce a 'flagship' device (part of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Nexus" title="Google Nexus">Google
Nexus</a> series) featuring the new version of Android, then makes the source
code available after that device has been released.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">In early 2011, Google chose to temporarily
withhold the Android source code to the tablet-only 3.0 Honeycomb release. The
reason, according to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Rubin" title="Andy Rubin">Andy Rubin</a> in an official Android blog post, was because
Honeycomb was rushed for production of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_Xoom" title="Motorola Xoom">Motorola
Xoom</a>, and they did not want third parties creating a "really bad user
experience" by attempting to put onto smartphones a version of Android
intended for tablets. The source code was once again made available in November
2011 with the release of Android 4.0.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Even though the software is open-source,
device manufacturers cannot use Google's Android trademark unless Google
certifies that the device complies with their Compatibility Definition Document
(CDD). Devices must also meet this definition to be eligible to license
Google's closed-source applications, including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Play" title="Google Play">Google
Play</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a> have been
critical of Android and have recommended the usage of alternatives such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replicant_%28operating_system%29" title="Replicant (operating system)">Replicant</a>, because drivers and
firmware vital for the proper functioning of Android devices are usually
proprietary, and because Google Play allows <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">non-free</a> software.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Reception</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android received a lukewarm reaction when it
was unveiled in 2007. Although analysts were impressed with the respected
technology companies that had partnered with Google to form the Open Handset
Alliance, it was unclear whether mobile phone manufacturers would be willing to
replace their existing operating systems with Android. The idea of an open
source, Linux-based <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">development platform</a> sparked interest, but there
were additional worries about Android facing strong competition from
established players in the smartphone market, such as Nokia and Microsoft, and
rival Linux mobile operating systems that were in development. These
established players were skeptical: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia" title="Nokia">Nokia</a> was quoted as
saying "we don't see this as a threat," and a member of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>'s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Mobile" title="Windows Mobile">Windows
Mobile</a> team stated "I don't understand the impact that they are going
to have."</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Since then Android has grown to become the
most widely used smartphone operating system and "one of the fastest
mobile experiences available." Reviewers have highlighted the open source
nature of the operating system as one of its defining strengths, allowing
companies such as Amazon (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindle_Fire" title="Kindle Fire">Kindle Fire</a>), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble" title="Barnes & Noble">Barnes
& Noble</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble_Nook" title="Barnes & Noble Nook">Nook</a>), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouya" title="Ouya">Ouya</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baidu" title="Baidu">Baidu</a>, and others to
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fork_%28software_development%29" title="Fork (software development)">fork</a> the software and release hardware
running their own customised version of Android. As a result, it has been
described by technology website <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars_Technica" title="Ars Technica">Ars
Technica</a> as "practically the default operating system for launching
new hardware" for companies without their own mobile platforms. This
openness and flexibility is also present at the level of the end user: Android
allows extensive customisation of devices by their owners and apps are freely
available from non-Google app stores and third party websites. These have been
cited as among the main advantages of Android phones over others.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Despite Android's popularity, including an
activation rate three times that of iOS, there have been reports that Google
has not been able to leverage their other products and web services
successfully to turn Android into the money maker that analysts had expected. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Verge" title="The Verge">The Verge</a>
suggested that Google is losing control of Android due to the extensive
customization and proliferation of non-Google apps and services - for instance
the Amazon <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindle_Fire" title="Kindle Fire">Kindle Fire</a> points users to the Amazon app store that
competes directly with the Google Play store. Google SVP <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Rubin" title="Andy Rubin">Andy Rubin</a>,
who was replaced as head of the Android division in March 2013, has been blamed
for failing to establish a lucrative partnership with cell phone makers. The
chief beneficiary of Android has been <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a>, whose <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy" title="Samsung Galaxy">Galaxy</a>
brand has surpassed that of Android in terms of brand recognition since 2011. Meanwhile
other Android manufacturers have struggled since 2011, such as LG, HTC, and
Google's own <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_Mobility" title="Motorola Mobility">Motorola Mobility</a> (whose partnership with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verizon_Wireless" title="Verizon Wireless">Verizon
Wireless</a> to push the "DROID" brand has faded since 2010).
Ironically, while Google directly earns nothing from the sale of each Android
device, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>
and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>
have successfully sued to extract patent royalty payments from Android handset
manufacturers.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tablets</span></div>
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<img border="0" height="300" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image006.jpg" width="638" /><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Despite its success on smartphones, initially
Android tablet adoption was slow. One of the main causes was the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_or_the_egg" title="Chicken or the egg">chicken or the egg</a> situation where consumers
were hesitant to buy an Android tablet due to a lack of high quality tablet
apps, but developers were hesitant to spend time and resources developing
tablet apps until there was a significant market for them. The content and app
"ecosystem" proved more important than hardware <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specification_%28technical_standard%29" title="Specification (technical standard)">specs</a> as the selling point for
tablets. Due to the lack of Android tablet-specific apps in 2011, early Android
tablets had to make do with existing smartphone apps that were ill-suited to
larger screen sizes, whereas the dominance of Apple's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPad" title="IPad">iPad</a> was reinforced by
the large number of tablet-specific <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> apps.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Despite app support in its infancy, a
considerable number of Android tablets (alongside those using other operating
systems, such as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP_TouchPad" title="HP TouchPad">HP TouchPad</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlackBerry_PlayBook" title="BlackBerry PlayBook">BlackBerry PlayBook</a>) were rushed out to market
in an attempt to capitalize on the success of the iPad. InfoWorld has suggested
that some Android manufacturers initially treated their first tablets as a
"Frankenphone business", a short-term low-investment opportunity by
placing a smartphone-optimized Android OS (before Android 3.0 Honeycomb for
tablets was available) on a device while neglecting user interface. This
approach, such as with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Streak" title="Dell Streak">Dell Streak</a>, failed to gain market traction with
consumers as well as damaging the early reputation of Android tablets.
Furthermore, several Android tablets such as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_Xoom" title="Motorola Xoom">Motorola
Xoom</a> were priced the same or higher than the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPad" title="IPad">iPad</a>, which hurt
sales. An exception was the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com" title="Amazon.com">Amazon</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindle_Fire" title="Kindle Fire">Kindle Fire</a>, which relied upon lower pricing as well as
access to Amazon's ecosystem of apps and content.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">This began to change in 2012 with the release
of the affordable <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexus_7" title="Nexus 7">Nexus 7</a> and a push by Google for developers to write better
tablet apps. Android tablet market share surpassed the iPad's in Q3 2012.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Market share and rate of adoption</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Research Company Canalys estimated in the
second quarter of 2009 that Android had a 2.8% share of worldwide <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphone</a>
shipments. By the fourth quarter of 2010 this had grown to 33% of the market,
becoming the top-selling smartphone platform. By the third quarter of 2011 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gartner" title="Gartner">Gartner</a>
estimated that more than half (52.5%) of the smartphone market belongs to
Android. By the third quarter of 2012 Android had a 75% share of the global
smartphone market according to the research firm IDC.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">In July 2011, Google said that 550,000 new
Android devices were being activated every day, up from 400,000 per day in May,
and more than 100 million devices had been activated with 4.4% growth per week.
In September 2012, 500 million devices had been activated with 1.3 million
activations per day. In May 2013, at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_I/O" title="Google I/O">Google I/O</a>,
Sundar Pichai announced that 900 million Android devices had been activated.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Android market share varies by location. In
July 2012, Android's market share in the United States was 52%, and rose to 90%
in China.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Usage share of Android versions</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Android_chart.png"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Android_chart.png/251px-Android_chart.png" border="0" height="246" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image008.gif" width="640" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Usage share of the different versions
collected during a 14-day period ending on May 1, 2013</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Usage share of the different versions as of
June 3, 2013.</span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<thead>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Version</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Code name</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Release date</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_programming_interface" title="Application programming interface">API</a> level</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Distribution (May 1, 2013)</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelly_Bean_%28operating_system%29" title="Jelly Bean (operating system)">4.2.x</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelly_Bean_%28operating_system%29" title="Jelly Bean (operating system)">Jelly Bean</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">November 13, 2012</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">17</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">4.0%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelly_Bean_%28operating_system%29" title="Jelly Bean (operating system)">4.1.x</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelly_Bean_%28operating_system%29" title="Jelly Bean (operating system)">Jelly Bean</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">July 9, 2012</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">16</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">29.0%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Cream_Sandwich_%28operating_system%29" title="Ice Cream Sandwich (operating system)">4.0.x</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Cream_Sandwich_%28operating_system%29" title="Ice Cream Sandwich (operating system)">Ice Cream Sandwich</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">December 16, 2011</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">15</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">25.6%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeycomb_%28operating_system%29" title="Honeycomb (operating system)">3.2</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeycomb_%28operating_system%29" title="Honeycomb (operating system)">Honeycomb</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">July 15, 2011</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">13</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">0.1%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeycomb_%28operating_system%29" title="Honeycomb (operating system)">3.1</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeycomb_%28operating_system%29" title="Honeycomb (operating system)">Honeycomb</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">May 10, 2011</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">12</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_2.3" title="Android 2.3">2.3.3–2.3.7</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_2.3" title="Android 2.3">Gingerbread</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">February 9, 2011</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">10</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">36.4%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_2.3" title="Android 2.3">2.3–2.3.2</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_2.3" title="Android 2.3">Gingerbread</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">December 6, 2010</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">9</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">0.1%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Froyo" title="Android Froyo">2.2</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Froyo" title="Android Froyo">Froyo</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">May 20, 2010</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">8</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3.2%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_version_history#Android_2.0.2C_2.1_Eclair" title="Android version history">2.0–2.1</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89clair_%28operating_system%29" title="Éclair (operating system)">Eclair</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">October 26, 2009</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">7</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1.5%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donut_%28operating_system%29" title="Donut (operating system)">1.6</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donut_%28operating_system%29" title="Donut (operating system)">Donut</a></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">September 15, 2009</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">4</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">0.1%</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 11; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1.5</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Cupcake</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">April 30, 2009</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;"><br /></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Application piracy</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">There has been some concern about the ease
with which paid Android apps can be <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_infringement_of_software" title="Copyright infringement of software">pirated</a>. In a May 2012 interview
with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurogamer" title="Eurogamer">Eurogamer</a>,
the developers of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Manager" title="Football Manager">Football Manager</a> stated that the ratio of pirated
players vs legitimate players was 9:1 for their game Football Manager Handheld.
However, not every developer agreed that piracy rates were an issue; for
example, in July 2012 the developers of the game Wind-up Knight said that
piracy levels of their game were only 12%, and most of the piracy came from
China, where people cannot purchase apps from Google Play.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">In 2010, Google released a tool for
validating authorised purchases for use within apps, but developers complained
that this was insufficient and trivial to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_cracking" title="Software cracking">crack</a>.
Google responded that the tool, especially its initial release, was intended as
a sample framework for developers to modify and build upon depending on their
needs, not as a finished security solution. In 2012 Google released a feature
in Android 4.1 that encrypted paid applications so that they would only work on
the device on which they were purchased, but this feature has been temporarily
deactivated due to technical issues.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Copyrights and patents</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Further information: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_v._Google" title="Oracle v. Google">Oracle
v. Google</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone_wars" title="Smartphone wars">Smartphone wars</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent_troll" title="Patent troll">Patent
troll</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Both Android and Android phone manufacturers
have been involved in numerous patent lawsuits. On August 12, 2010, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle</a> sued Google over claimed infringement of
copyrights and patents related to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_%28programming_language%29" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> programming language. Oracle
originally sought damages up to $6.1 billion, but this valuation was rejected
by a United States federal judge who asked Oracle to revise the estimate. In
response, Google submitted multiple lines of defense, counterclaiming that
Android did not infringe on Oracle's patents or copyright, that Oracle's
patents were invalid, and several other defenses. They said that Android is
based on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Harmony" title="Apache Harmony">Apache Harmony</a>, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_room_design" title="Clean room design">clean
room</a> implementation of the Java class libraries, and an independently
developed virtual machine called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalvik_%28software%29" title="Dalvik (software)">Dalvik</a>. In May 2012 the jury in this case found
that Google did not infringe on Oracle's patents, and the trial judge ruled
that the structure of the Java APIs used by Google was not copyrightable.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">In addition to lawsuits against Google
directly, various <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxy_war" title="Proxy war">proxy wars</a> have been waged against Android indirectly by
targeting manufacturers of Android devices, with the effect of discouraging
manufacturers from adopting the platform by increasing the costs of bringing an
Android device to market. Both <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>
and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>
have sued several manufacturers for patent infringement, with Apple's ongoing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc._v._Samsung_Electronics_Co.,_Ltd." title="Apple Inc. v. Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.">legal action against
Samsung</a> being a particularly high-profile case. In October 2011 Microsoft
said they had signed patent license agreements with ten Android device
manufacturers, whose products account for 55% of the worldwide revenue for
Android devices. These include <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTC" title="HTC">HTC</a>. Samsung's patent settlement with Microsoft includes an
agreement that Samsung will allocate more resources to developing and marketing
phones running Microsoft's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Phone" title="Windows Phone">Windows Phone</a> operating system.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Google has publicly expressed its frustration
for the current patent landscape in the United States, accusing Apple, Oracle
and Microsoft of trying to take down Android through patent litigation, rather
than innovating and competing with better products and services. In 2011–12,
Google purchased <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_Mobility" title="Motorola Mobility">Motorola Mobility</a> for US$12.5 billion, which was
viewed in part as a defensive measure to protect Android, since Motorola
Mobility held more than 17,000 patents. In December 2011 Google bought over a
thousand patents from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">BEYOND SMARTPHONES AND TABLETS</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SmartWatch_MN2_auf_der_Internationalen_Funkausstellung_2012_in_Berlin_1_PD.JPG"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/SmartWatch_MN2_auf_der_Internationalen_Funkausstellung_2012_in_Berlin_1_PD.JPG/150px-SmartWatch_MN2_auf_der_Internationalen_Funkausstellung_2012_in_Berlin_1_PD.JPG" border="0" height="227" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image010.jpg" width="498" /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The open and customizable nature of Android
allows it to be used on other electronics, including laptops and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netbook" title="Netbook">netbooks</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartbook" title="Smartbook">smartbooks</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_TV" title="Smart TV">smart TVs</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_TV" title="Google TV">Google TV</a>)
and cameras (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikon_Coolpix_S800c" title="Nikon Coolpix S800c">Nikon Coolpix S800c</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy_Camera" title="Galaxy Camera">Galaxy
Camera</a>). In addition, the Android operating system has seen applications on
smart glasses (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Glass" title="Google Glass">Google Glass</a>), wristwatches, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headphones" title="Headphones">headphones</a>,
car CD and DVD players, mirrors, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_media_player" title="Portable media player">portable media players</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landline" title="Landline">landlines</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VoIP_phone" title="VoIP phone">Voice over
IP phones</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouya" title="Ouya">Ouya</a>,
an upcoming videogames console running Android, became one of the most
successful <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kickstarter" title="Kickstarter">Kickstarter</a> campaigns, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowdfunding" title="Crowdfunding">crowdfunding</a>
US$8.5m for its development, and was later followed by other Android-based
video games consoles such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Shield" title="Project Shield">Project
Shield</a> from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nvidia" title="Nvidia">Nvidia</a>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">In 2011, Google demonstrated
"Android@Home", a new home automaton technology which uses Android to
control a range of household devices including light switches, power sockets
and thermostats. Prototype light bulbs were announced that could be controlled
from an Android phone or tablet, but Android head Andy Rubin was cautious to
note that "turning a lightbulb on and off is nothing new," pointing
to numerous failed home automation services. Google, he said, was thinking more
ambitiously and the intention was to use their position as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">cloud</a>
services provider to bring Google products into customers' homes.</span></div>
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<![endif]--><br />SHOBUFF TECHNICAL COMPANY (SHOBTECH)http://www.blogger.com/profile/12751760050921332688noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4796030013467592005.post-77890424800700255332013-06-04T08:55:00.004+01:002013-06-04T08:55:35.410+01:00PROJECT MANAGEMENT<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Faster,
cheaper, and better has become the mantra of not only profit-making
organizations seeking to increase market share and profits but also nonprofits
and governmental organizations seeking to increase their value to clients.
Organizations are increasingly using projects to meet these goals. Projects are
goal directed and time framed, and when managed well, projects deliver on time
and within budget. </span>SHOBUFF TECHNICAL COMPANY (SHOBTECH)http://www.blogger.com/profile/12751760050921332688noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4796030013467592005.post-7011481598039145082013-06-04T08:49:00.001+01:002013-06-04T08:54:28.911+01:00 <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Wide Latin"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">SHOBUFF TECHNICAL COMPANY</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"></span><br />SHOBUFF TECHNICAL COMPANY (SHOBTECH)http://www.blogger.com/profile/12751760050921332688noreply@blogger.com0